Many with New College Degree Find the Job Market Humbling The individual stories are familiar. The chemistry major tending bar. The classics major answering phones. The Italian studies major stocking shelves at Wal-Mart. Now evidence is emerging that the damage caused by the sour economy is more widespread than just a few careers led astray (偏离正轨地) or postponed. Even for college graduates — the people who were most protected from the effects of recession — the outlook is rather bleak (黯淡). Employment rates for new college graduates have fallen sharply in the last two years, as have starting salaries for those who can find work. What’s more, only half of the jobs landed by these new graduates even require a college degree, reviving debates about whether higher education is “worth it“ after all. “I have friends with the same degree as me, from a worse school, but because of who they knew or when they happened to graduate, they’re in much better jobs,“ said Kyle Bishop, 23, a 2009 graduate of the University of Pittsburgh who has spent the last two years waiting tables, delivering beer, working at a bookstore and entering data. “It’s more about luck than anything else.“ The average starting salary for students graduating from four-year colleges in 2009 and 2010 was $27,000, down from $30,000 for those who entered the work force in 2006 to 2008, according to a study released on Wednesday by the John J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development at Rutgers University. That is a decline of 10 percent, even before taking inflation into account. Of course, these are the lucky ones — the graduates who found a job. Among the members of the class of 2010, just 46 percent had held at least one job by this spring, when the survey was conducted. That compares with 90 percent of graduates from the classes of 2006 and 2007. (Some have gone for further education or opted out of the labor force, while many are still trying very hard to get a job.) Even these figures understate the damage done to these workers’ careers. Many have taken jobs that do not make use of their skills; about only half of recent college graduates said that their first job required a college degree. The choice of major is quite important. Certain majors had better luck finding a job that required a college degree, according to an analysis by Andrew M. Sum, an economist at Northeastern University, of 2009 Labor Department data for college graduates under 25. Young graduates who majored in education and teaching or engineering were most likely to find a job requiring a college degree, while area studies majors — those who majored in Latin American studies, for example — and humanities majors were least likely to do so. Among all recent education graduates, 71.1 percent were in jobs that required a college degree; of all area studies majors, the share was 44.7 percent. An analysis by The New York Times of Labor Department data about college graduates aged 25 to 34 found that the number of these workers employed in food service, restaurants and bars had risen 17 percent in 2009 from 2008, though the sample size was small. There were similar or bigger employment increases at gas stations and fuel dealers, food and alcohol stores, and taxi and limousine services. This may be a waste of a college degree, but it also displaces (使离开) the less-educated workers who would normally take these jobs. “The less schooling you had, the more likely you were to get thrown out of the labor market altogether,“ said Mr. Sum, noting that unemployment rates for high school graduates and dropouts are always much higher than those for college graduates. “There is complete displacement all the way down.“ Meanwhile, college graduates are having trouble paying off student loan debt, which is at a median of $20,000 for graduates of classes 2006 to 2010. Mr. Bishop, the Pittsburgh graduate, said he is “terrified“ of the effects his starter jobs might have on his ultimate career, which he hopes to be in publishing or writing. “It looks bad to have all these short-term jobs on your resume, but you do have to pay the bills,“ he said, adding that right now his student loan debt was over $70,000. Many graduates will probably take on more student debt. More than 60 percent of those who graduated in the last five years say they will need more formal education to be successful. “I knew there weren’t going to be many job prospects for me until I got my Ph.D.,“ said Travis Patterson, 23, a 2010 graduate of California State University, Fullerton. He is working as an administrative assistant for a property management company and studying psychology in graduate school. While it may not have anything to do with his degree, “it helps pay my rent and tuition, and that’s what matters.“ Going back to school does offer the possibility of joining the labor force when the economy is better. Unemployment rates are also generally lower for people with advanced schooling. Those who do not go back to school may be on a lower-paying trajectory (道路) for years. They start at a lower salary, and they may begin their careers with employers that pay less on average or have less room for growth. “Their salary history follows them wherever they go,“ said Carl Van Horn, a labor economist at Rutgers. “It’s like a parrot on your shoulder, traveling with you everywhere, constantly telling you ’No, you can’t make that much money.’ “ And while young people who have survived a tough job market may shy from risks during their careers, the best way to nullify (抵消......的影响) an unlucky graduation date is to change jobs when you can, says Till von Wachter, an economist at Columbia. “If you don’t move within five years of graduating, for some reason you get stuck where you are,“ Mr. von Wachter said. “By your late 20s, you’re often married, and have a family and have a house. You stop the active pattern of moving jobs.“

When you have to meet someone from a different culture, be prepared. If you understand cultural differences, you’ll be a better communicator — even before you open your mouth! In many Western cultures, men stand up before they are【S1】______to someone important. Standing up shows politeness and【S2】______. After that, someone will usually offer to shake hands. But in the East,【S3】______introductions often begin and end with bowing rather than shaking hands. Now, let’s look at the simple introduction of shaking hands. Americans like a【S4】______handshake. But the French【S5】______a light, short handshake. If you shake a Frenchman’s hand the American way, he may think you’re uncultured. People in Eastern European countries and some Latino cultures prefer shorter handshakes, too. Hugging after shaking hands is also a common introduction. Don’t be scared or【S6】______if you meet someone in Brazil and he gives you a hug. If you【S7】______this gesture, your friendship may not start well! The【S8】______customs for eye contact vary between cultures, too. Westerners appreciate regular eye contact during conversations. Refusing to look a Westerner in the eye may be understood as lack of trust, or maybe【S9】______. But in some African countries, too much eye contact can offend or sometimes have romantic meanings. Some people in Middle Eastern countries may appear to have their eyes half-closed while talking to you. Although it might seem like they’re tired or bored, such behavior is normal and should not be taken【S10】______. [A] proper [F] firm [K] introduced [B] respect [G] misinterpret [L] illustrate [C] boredom [H] personally [M] offended [D] naturally [I] light [N] typical [E] prefer [J] impression [O] preferable

If two scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory are correct, people will still be driving gasoline-powered cars 50 years from now, giving out heat-trapping carbon dioxide into the atmosphere — and yet that carbon dioxide will not contribute to global warming. The scientists, F. Jeffrey Martin and William L. Kubic Jr., are proposing a concept, which they have named Green Freedom, for removing carbon dioxide from the air and turning it back into gasoline. The idea is simple. Air would be blown over a liquid solution which would absorb the carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide would then be extracted (提取) and subjected to chemical reactions that would turn it into fuel. Although they have not yet built a synthetic fuel factory, or even a small prototype (原型), the scientists say it is all based on existing technology. “Everything in the concept has been built, is operating or has a close cousin that is operating,“ Dr. Martin said. The Los Alamos proposal does not violate any laws of physics, and other scientists have independently suggested similar ideas. In the efforts to reduce humanity’s emissions of carbon dioxide, three solutions have been offered: hydrogen(氢-)-powered fuel cells, electric cars and biofuels. Biofuels are gasoline substitutes produced from plants like corn or sugar cane. Plants absorb carbon dioxide as they grow, but growing crops for fuel takes up wide strips of land. Hydrogen-powered cars emit no carbon dioxide, but producing hydrogen requires copious (大量的) energy, and if that energy comes from coal-fired power plants, then the problem has not been solved. Electric cars also push the carbon dioxide problem to the power plant. And electric cars have typically been limited to a range of tens of miles as opposed to the hundreds of miles that can be driven on a tank of gas. Gasoline, it turns out, is an almost ideal fuel (except that it produces CO2). If it can be made out of carbon dioxide in the air, the Los Alamos concept may mean there is little reason to switch, after all. “It’s definitely worth pursuing,“ said Martin I. Hoffert, a professor of physics at New York University. Other scientists also said the proposal looked promising but could not evaluate it fully because the details had not been published.

At some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. 【C1】______, chances are that you don’t act on your impulse, 【C2】______let it pass instead. You know that to【C3】______the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not【C4】______your behavior. Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo (禁忌) behavior is how it can change【C5】______the years within the same society, how【C6】______behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly【C7】______and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so【C8】______and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now people have become more aware【C9】______the importance of expressing feelings about death and, 【C10】______, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject. One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. 【C11】______many other taboos, fat is a topic that Americans talk about【C12】______. It’s not taboo to talk about fat; it’s taboo to be fat. The “in“ look is【C13】______, not fat. In the work world, most companies【C14】______youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their image as【C15】______as their products to the public. The thin look is【C16】______with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the【C17】______hand, is thought of as lazy and【C18】______in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In the final analysis, people think, how can people who care about themselves, and therefore the【C19】______they look, permit themselves to become fat? In an image-conscious society like the U.S., thin is “in“, fat is “out“. It’s not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying thin and “in【C20】______“.

______(令人难以置信的是) our economy develops at such a speed.

Not only______(这家工厂完成了生产任务) last year, but it also doubled its output.

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled We Shouldn’t Totally Turn to the Internet. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below. We Shouldn’t Totally Turn to the Internet

M: So, you must have a lot of contact with overseas students in your work helping people coping with daily existence. W: Sometimes. You know the life of a social worker is not all wonderful and working to help people in their daily life. I have to spend a lot of time pushing paper, and writing reports too. But when I do get out, yeah, I see a lot of foreigners. And sometimes they come in because life in America has just beaten them down and they can’t cope financially or emotionally. M: Really? I would think that they had a good support network in place, especially university students. W: They do have a network, and a variety of support groups, but these can’t meet all of the students’ needs. They can’t help with paying bills, dealing with American neighbors and customs, fitting in, getting a driver’s license, etc. They try, but very often the student has to figure out a lot of this stuff by himself. And if he or she is shy, they don’t have the courage to ask other people, even other people from their nationality. M: So what are some of the things that overseas students struggle with? W: This might interest you, but they struggle with the food, especially Chinese. You know, they come here knowing that Americans love Chinese food so much. They think that there will be good restaurants with Chinese food that they love. But they get here and they are extremely surprised. Americans enjoy totally different flavors. M: So what do they do? W: If they’re brave and curious, they look around and test all the restaurants. There is usually at least one restaurant in every town that has almost quality food. Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 23. In which aspect does the woman help people in her work? 24. Why do people come to the woman for help? 25. How did Chinese students expect the American-made Chinese food before they came to the U.S? Writing reports for them. Teaching them foreign languages. Helping them deal with daily existence. Introducing work for them.

W: Excuse me, would you mind answering a few questions? M: Well, I don’t know. I’m in rather a hurry actually. W: It won’t take a moment. We’re doing a public opinion poll on some important political questions to try to find out if the government really has support for its policies. The results are going to be published in a national newspaper. M: Oh, all right, then. W: Thanks. Well, I’ll read out statements and you have to say whether you agree strongly, agree, disagree, disagree strongly or just don’t know. OK? M: Yes. W: Well, first of all, “Policemen should always carry guns.“ Do you agree? M: No, not always. W: What is your opinion? M: They shouldn’t do that when they’re on normal duty. But if they’re chasing a criminal who they know has got a gun, then they should be armed as well. W: OK, next question: “Britain should drive on the right-hand side of the road.“ M: What rubbish! Why doesn’t everybody else drive on the left? W: All right. One more question: “Britain should leave the EEC.“ M: That’s nasty. I wasn’t in favor of us joining, but I think it would be difficult to leave now. I think we’ll just have to stay in and make the best of it. W: OK, that’s all. Thank you very much. Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 19. What is the possible relationship between the two speakers? 20. When does the man think the policemen should carry guns? 21. How does the man think about driving on the right? 22. What’s the man’s opinion about the last statement? Policeman and driver. Program host and guest. Poll taker and passenger. Politician and supporter.

You’re about to spend four years of your life and tens of thousands of dollars of your parent’s money, and all you really know about college is that all of your friends are going. Do you ever stop to wonder why you’re going? Relax. You’re making the right decision. First of all, you’ll discover what interests you by taking courses in many subjects. College is also a lot of fun — after you graduate, you’ll be working every weekday for 50 or so years. And remember that college graduates earn about twice the income of those who never attended college. Finding the right college can be difficult. Fortunately, JohnsonReview is here to help you every step of the way. Researching Schools. To us, the most important decision you’ll make is to choose the school that really fits you best — not the one that is the most competitive or has the best-equipped rooms. Applying to School. On JohnsonReview.com, you’ll find hundreds of actual college applications and links to many more. Paying for School. Most families need financial aid for the high cost of college. The problem is that financial aid seems difficult to get and many families get caught up in the price of college rather than learning the ways to get financial aid. If you really do your research, you’ll learn that you can afford to attend any college, no matter the cost. For more information, call 600-3681 or visit JohnsonReview.com. Wherever you go, have a nice trip! Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard. 33. How many reasons for going to college does the speaker mention in the passage? 34. What does the speaker advise you to do to pay the high cost of college? 35. What’s the speaker’s purpose of giving this talk? 2 3 4 5

Scientists in India have discovered a way to make bamboo plants produce flowers in laboratory. The British【B1】______Nature recently reported the【B2】______event. In the wild it can take as long as 120 years for some kinds of bamboo to flower, and after the plant【B3】______its seeds it dies. The bamboo plant is used in many different ways. But because it takes so long to produce seeds, scientists never【B4】______it a traditional farm crop. The recent【B5】______in India may change that. The【B6】______was done at the National Chemical Laboratory in India. Three scientists cut two hundred pieces from two different kinds of bamboo plants; each was a few inches long. The tiny cuttings were placed in the【B7】______of coconuts milk, plant-growth hormone and other nutrients. Just a few weeks later, flowers began to【B8】______.【B9】______. Two weeks after that the plants began to produce seeds.【B10】______. One of them had not put the bamboo seeds in soil, but he believes they will produce plants. The Indian scientists now are planning experiments to see 【B11】______.

Many of us sit in front of a computer for eight hours a day, and then go home and head for the couch to surf the Web or watch television, exchanging one seat and screen for another. Even if we try to squeeze in an hour at the gym, is it enough to counteract (抵消) all that motionless sitting? A mounting body of evidence suggests not. Increasingly, research is focusing not on how much exercise people get, but how much of their time is spent in sedentary (久坐的) activity, and the harm that does. The latest findings, published this week in The Journal of the American College of Cardiology, indicate that the amount of leisure time spent sitting in front of a screen can have such an overwhelming, seemingly irreparable (无法弥补的) impact on one’s health that physical activity doesn’t produce much benefit. The study followed 4,512 middle-aged Scottish men for a little more than four years on average. It found that those who said they spent two or more leisure hours a day sitting in front of a screen were at double the risk of a heart attack or other heart events compared with those who watched less. Those who spent four or more hours of recreational time in front of a screen were 50 percent more likely to die of any cause. It didn’t matter whether the men were physically active for several hours a week — exercise didn’t reduce the risk associated with the high amount of sedentary screen time. The study is not the first to suggest that sedentary activities like television viewing may be harmful. A 2009 study reported that young children who watch one and a half to five and a half hours of TV a day have higher blood pressure readings than those who watch less than half an hour, even if they are thin and physically active. Recreational screen time has an “independent, injurious relationship“ with heart and the blood vessels events and death of all causes, the paper concluded, possibly because it induces metabolic (新陈代谢) changes. The study focused on recreational screen time because it’s the easiest to reduce, Dr. Stamatakis said. But he encouraged employees who work at computers all day to get up and take breaks and short walks periodically.

The higher an area’s living standard is,______(这一地区的辍学率就越低).

At the conference yesterday, our differences______(进一步缩小).

Many with New College Degree Find the Job Market Humbling The individual stories are familiar. The chemistry major tending bar. The classics major answering phones. The Italian studies major stocking shelves at Wal-Mart. Now evidence is emerging that the damage caused by the sour economy is more widespread than just a few careers led astray (偏离正轨地) or postponed. Even for college graduates — the people who were most protected from the effects of recession — the outlook is rather bleak (黯淡). Employment rates for new college graduates have fallen sharply in the last two years, as have starting salaries for those who can find work. What’s more, only half of the jobs landed by these new graduates even require a college degree, reviving debates about whether higher education is “worth it“ after all. “I have friends with the same degree as me, from a worse school, but because of who they knew or when they happened to graduate, they’re in much better jobs,“ said Kyle Bishop, 23, a 2009 graduate of the University of Pittsburgh who has spent the last two years waiting tables, delivering beer, working at a bookstore and entering data. “It’s more about luck than anything else.“ The average starting salary for students graduating from four-year colleges in 2009 and 2010 was $27,000, down from $30,000 for those who entered the work force in 2006 to 2008, according to a study released on Wednesday by the John J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development at Rutgers University. That is a decline of 10 percent, even before taking inflation into account. Of course, these are the lucky ones — the graduates who found a job. Among the members of the class of 2010, just 46 percent had held at least one job by this spring, when the survey was conducted. That compares with 90 percent of graduates from the classes of 2006 and 2007. (Some have gone for further education or opted out of the labor force, while many are still trying very hard to get a job.) Even these figures understate the damage done to these workers’ careers. Many have taken jobs that do not make use of their skills; about only half of recent college graduates said that their first job required a college degree. The choice of major is quite important. Certain majors had better luck finding a job that required a college degree, according to an analysis by Andrew M. Sum, an economist at Northeastern University, of 2009 Labor Department data for college graduates under 25. Young graduates who majored in education and teaching or engineering were most likely to find a job requiring a college degree, while area studies majors — those who majored in Latin American studies, for example — and humanities majors were least likely to do so. Among all recent education graduates, 71.1 percent were in jobs that required a college degree; of all area studies majors, the share was 44.7 percent. An analysis by The New York Times of Labor Department data about college graduates aged 25 to 34 found that the number of these workers employed in food service, restaurants and bars had risen 17 percent in 2009 from 2008, though the sample size was small. There were similar or bigger employment increases at gas stations and fuel dealers, food and alcohol stores, and taxi and limousine services. This may be a waste of a college degree, but it also displaces (使离开) the less-educated workers who would normally take these jobs. “The less schooling you had, the more likely you were to get thrown out of the labor market altogether,“ said Mr. Sum, noting that unemployment rates for high school graduates and dropouts are always much higher than those for college graduates. “There is complete displacement all the way down.“ Meanwhile, college graduates are having trouble paying off student loan debt, which is at a median of $20,000 for graduates of classes 2006 to 2010. Mr. Bishop, the Pittsburgh graduate, said he is “terrified“ of the effects his starter jobs might have on his ultimate career, which he hopes to be in publishing or writing. “It looks bad to have all these short-term jobs on your resume, but you do have to pay the bills,“ he said, adding that right now his student loan debt was over $70,000. Many graduates will probably take on more student debt. More than 60 percent of those who graduated in the last five years say they will need more formal education to be successful. “I knew there weren’t going to be many job prospects for me until I got my Ph.D.,“ said Travis Patterson, 23, a 2010 graduate of California State University, Fullerton. He is working as an administrative assistant for a property management company and studying psychology in graduate school. While it may not have anything to do with his degree, “it helps pay my rent and tuition, and that’s what matters.“ Going back to school does offer the possibility of joining the labor force when the economy is better. Unemployment rates are also generally lower for people with advanced schooling. Those who do not go back to school may be on a lower-paying trajectory (道路) for years. They start at a lower salary, and they may begin their careers with employers that pay less on average or have less room for growth. “Their salary history follows them wherever they go,“ said Carl Van Horn, a labor economist at Rutgers. “It’s like a parrot on your shoulder, traveling with you everywhere, constantly telling you ’No, you can’t make that much money.’ “ And while young people who have survived a tough job market may shy from risks during their careers, the best way to nullify (抵消......的影响) an unlucky graduation date is to change jobs when you can, says Till von Wachter, an economist at Columbia. “If you don’t move within five years of graduating, for some reason you get stuck where you are,“ Mr. von Wachter said. “By your late 20s, you’re often married, and have a family and have a house. You stop the active pattern of moving jobs.“

W: Mr. Johnson, have you heard the morning news report? Mill has resigned his post as Prime Minister. M: I didn’t turn on the radio this morning, but I did see the headlines. If you remember, he threatened to leave the office at the last cabinet meeting. Q: How did Mr. Johnson learn that the Prime Minister has resigned? He read the newspaper. He read the cabinet report. He listened to a radio report. His secretary telephoned him.

Remembering names is an important social skill. Here are some ways to master it. When you hear a person’s name, repeat it. Immediately say it to yourself several times without moving your lips. You could also repeat the name in a way that does not sound forced or artificial. Ask the other person to recite and repeat. You can let other people help you remember their names. After you’ve been introduced to someone, ask that person to spell the name and pronounce it correctly for you. Most people will be pleased by the effort you’re making to learn their names. Admitting that you can’t remember someone’s name can actually make people relaxed. Most of them will feel sympathy if you say, “I’m working to remember names better. Yours is right on the tip of my tongue. What is it again?“ Link each person yon meet with one thing you find interesting or unusual. For example, you could make a mental note: “Vicki Cheng — tall, black hair.“ To reinforce your associations, write them on a small card as soon as possible. When meeting a group of people, concentrate on remembering just two or three names. Free yourself from remembering every one. Few of the people in mass introductions expect you to remember their names. Consider going early to conferences, parties and classes. Sometimes just a few people show up on time. That’s fewer names for you to remember. And as more people arrive, you can hear them being introduced to others — an automatic review for you. Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard. 26. How will most people feel when you try hard to remember their names? 27. What may you do if you can’t remember someone’s name? 28. What is it better to do when you meet a group of people? Moved. Annoyed. Delighted. Discouraged.

The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the world’s supply of water. With 97% of the world’s water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture, the worldwide supply of water needs careful management, especially in agriculture. Although the idea of a water shortage seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country, many of the world’s agricultural industries experience constant water shortages. Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons, the costs of water redistribution are very high. Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself, but there is also an environmental cost to be considered. Where valleys are flooded to create dams, houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed. Besides, water may flow easily through pipes to fields, but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other. Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements. This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation. In Texas, farmers’ overuse of irrigation water resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores. In the Central Valley area of southeastern USA, a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys, but much of the water use has been poorly managed. Saudi Arabia’s attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have been the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation water from underground reserves. Because there is no rainfall in these areas, such reserves can only decrease, and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry. Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard. 32. What is the passage mainly about? 33. What do we learn from the passage? 34. What can be learned from the passage? 35. What is most likely to be discussed next? Water supply and increasing population. Water use management and agriculture. Water redistribution and wildlife protection. Water shortages and environmental protection.

They are going to______(紧急情况时调动军队).

What do we know about college graduates in the present sour economy?

According to Kyle Bishop, why can his friends have better jobs than him?

What did the study by the John J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development reveal?

Andrew M. Sum’s study found that in finding a job requiring a college degree,______.

According to the author, college graduates’ working in places like gas stations______.

How did Mr. Bishop see the short-term jobs he took?

Travis Patterson chose to work as an administrative assistant because the job______.

Those who do not go back to school may get lower pay and have less chance for______

Till von Wachter suggests young people______so that an unlucky graduation date would lose its effect.

According to Mr. von Wachter, if people don’t change jobs within five years of graduating, they get______in their low-paid position.