The predictability of our mortality rates is something that has long puzzled social scientists. After all, there is no natural reason why 2,500 people should accidentally shoot themselves each year or why 7,000 should drown or 55,000 die in their ears. No one establishes a quota(限额) for each type of death. It just happens that they follow a consistent pattern year after year. A few years ago a Canadian psychologist named Gerald Wilde became interested in this phenomenon. He noticed that mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths throughout the western world have remained oddly static throughout the whole of the century, despite all the technological advances and increases in safety standards that have happened in that time. Wilde developed an intriguing theory called “risk homeostasis“. According to this theory, people instinctively live with a certain level of risk. When something is made safer, people will get around the measure in some way to reassert the original level of danger, If, for instance, they are required to wear seat belts, they will feel safer and thus will drive a little faster and a little more recklessly, thereby statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers. Other studies have shown that where an intersection is made safer, the accident rate invariably falls there but rises to a compensating level elsewhere along the same stretch of road. It appears, then, that we have an innate need for danger. In all events, it is becoming clearer and clearer to scientists that the factors influencing our life span are far more subtle and complex than had been previously thought. It now appears that if you wish to live a long life, it isn’t simply a matter of adhering to certain precautions.., eating the right foods, not smoking, driving with care. You must also have the right attitude. Scientists at the Duke University Medical Center made a 15-year study of 500 persons, personalities and found, somewhat to their surprise, that people with a suspicious or mistrustful nature die prematurely far more often than people with a sunny disposition. Looking on the bright side, it seems, can add years to your life span.

Informing the World Every day, the news of the world is relayed to people by over 300 million copies of the daily papers, over 400 million radio sets, and over 150 million television sets. Additional news is shown by motion pictures in theatres and cinemas all over the world. As more people learn what the important events of the day are, fewer are stir concerned exclusively with the events of their own household. As the English writer John Donne put it nearly four hundred years ago, “no man is an island.“ This idea is more appropriate today than it was when Doone lived. In short, wherever he lives, a man belongs to some society; and we are becoming more and more aware that whatever happens in one particular society affects, somehow, the life and destiny of all humanity. Newspapers have been published in the modem world for about four hundred years. Most of the newspapers printed today are read in Europe and Noah America. However, soon they may be read in all parts of the world, thanks to the new inventions that are changing the techniques of newspaper publishing. Electronics and automation have made it possible to produce pictures and texts far more quickly than before. Photographic reproduction eliminates the need for typing and printing presses. And fewer specialists, such as type-setters, are needed to produce a paper or magazine by the photo-offset(照相平板胶印)method. Therefore, photo-copies can be sent over great distances now by means of television channels and satellites, such as Telstar. Thus, pictures can be brought to the public more quickly than previously. Machines that prepare printed texts for photo-copies are being used a great deal today. Thousands of letters and figures of different sizes and thicknesses can now be arranged on a black glass disc that is only eight inches in diameter, to be printed in negative form (white on a black background) . The disc on the machine turns constantly at the rate of ten revolutions a second. A beam of light from a stroboscopic (频闪的)lamp shines on the desired letters and figures for about two-millionths of a second. Then the image of the letters and figures that were illuminated is projected onto a film through lenses. The section of film is large enough to hold the equivalent of a page of text. There is a keyboard in front of the machine that is similar to the key board of a typewriter, and the machine operator has only to strike the proper keys for the image of the corresponding letters to be immediately transferred to the film. The negative image on the film can quickly be transferred onto paper. This method makes it as easy to reproduce photographs and illustrations as it is to reproduce the text itself. Film, being light and small, can be sent rapidly to other places and used to print copies of the text where they are needed. Film images can also be projected easily on a movie or television screen. Television broadcasts are limited to an area that is within sight of the sending station or its relay. Although television relays are often placed on hills and mountains so that they can cover a wider region, they still can not cover more land than one could see from the same hilltop on a clear day. However, the rays also go out into the atmosphere, and if there is relay station on a satellite that revolves around the earth, it can transmit the pictures to any point on the earth from which the satellite is visible. Three satellites permanently revolving over the equator(赤道) transmit any television program to any part of the earth. This makes it possible for world editions of newspapers to give the news in all countries at the same time. Some day it may be possible for a subscriber (用户) to a televised newspaper to press a button and see a newspaper page on his television screen. He could also decide when he wants the page to turn and by dialing different numbers, such as those on a telephone dial, he could choose the language or the edition of the paper he wants to read. It seems strange to think that, even today, methods of the past are not entirely useless. For example, sometimes press agencies that use radio and Telstar use carrier pigeons to send messages between offices in large cities because the pigeons are not bothered by traffic problems. It may be some time before television sets become common in the average homes in Africa and Asia. However, radio is already rapidly becoming accessible to thousands of people in these areas. And, now that good radios are being made with transistors(晶体管), and their price is gradually drop- ping because of mass production, it may not be too long before radios become commonplace in areas which have no newspapers. Transistors make it possible for people to carry small radios wherever they go, without need of electric current. Even television sets are now opening on transistors, and the pocket TV may soon be as widespread as the pocket radio. Now that scientific progress is making it possible to send the news to all the inhabitants of the earth, it will be important to consider what news is going to be sent to them. No matter what criteria are used in making the decision, a decision must be made, since no one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything that is going on in the world. People who have time to read several papers can already compare different reports of the same event. When an event has political significance, each paper reports it from the point of view of its own political beliefs or preferences. Ideally, of course, the expression of editorial opinion should be limited to the editorial page, and the news articles should be objective--telling the facts as completely as possible, without trying to give them a particular interpretation, or without otherwise trying to influence the reader’ s opinion. However, reporters and editors are only human, and if they have strong political beliefs it is almost impossible for them to hide them. If editors believe their point of view is best for the readers of their paper, what’ s to stop them from using the paper to try to influence public opinion? And if, some day, a world newspaper becomes a reality, will it be the most powerful press agencies that will choose the news to be sent out to all countries?

M: Excuse me, could you tell me if there’s a gas station near here? W: You seam to have run out of gas, don’t you? But I’m afraid there isn’t any gas station nearby. Q: What do we learn from the conversation? The man is on his way to a gas station nearby. The man is driving and he has used up his gas. The man has lost his way because there is no gas station nearby. The man is waiting for another driver who will take him to a gas station nearby.

In America, self-improvement is a national pastime, Every year, more and more Americans spend there leisure time trying to improve themselves in one way or another. One popular form of self-improvement is the search for physical fitness. Thousands of Americans who never exercised are now out on the streets, jogging in fashionable running suits and expensive sports shoes. They boast of how many miles they run each day and of how many pounds they lose each week. Others are turning to swimming, tennis, dance, and the martial arts to improve their physical fitness. Instead of running around the park in the morning or evening, other Americans are studying yoga, a Hindu philosophy or doing serious thinking quietly in their homes. They are seeking to improve themselves by finding peace and calmness. Adult education is another form of self-improvement. After a hard day’s work, many Americans take evening courses at a local high school or college. There they can study a variety of subjects. Often these people are preparing to return to the job market or trying to qualify themselves for better jobs. A mother busy raising her children might attend night school to learn secretarial skills. A secretary might return to study accounting. Some retired people go back for the education they missed at an earlier age. It is a national trend. It is a national pastime. It is an American tradition. It is a newly formed habit.

Most students think of the library only【C1】______ a place where books are stored, but a library also【C2】______ many valuable services. The library may loan records and /or films,【C3】______ often houses coin operated photocopying machines; it【C4】______ provide listening rooms, typing【C5】______, and study rooms, Many libraries offer an interlibrary loan system whereby they can borrow books【C6】______ other libraries for your【C7】______. The people【C8】______ work in a library are perhaps【C9】______ important than any particular thing【C10】______ is kept there. While you may think【C11】______ librarians as people who check【C12】______ and shelve books, you will【C13】______ that college librarians are valuable to talk【C14】______. They can help you locate information, suggest a focus and direction for approaching a topic, and help you organize【C15】______ research. Even though librarians always look【C16】______, do not hesitate to ask them questions. There is always at least【C17】______ librarian, usually located in the reference area,【C18】______ primary responsibility is to【C19】______ students. Visit the library, look【C20】______, and be ready to use it effectively when you get your first class assignment this semester.

For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic On Praise. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below. 1. 儿童喜欢被别人赞扬。 2．生活中，人人都希望得到别人的称赞。 3．赞扬的作用。

W: Mike! Look at the floor! M: What’s wrong with it? W: What’s wrong with it! It’s filthy! M: Oh W: It’s filthy because you never wipe your shoes. M: Sorry, love. W: what are you looking for now? M: My cigarettes. W: Well; they are not here. They are in the dustbin. M: In the dustbin! Why? W: Because there’s cigarette ash on every carpet in the house. M: I don’t drop ash on the carpets. W: Oh yes, you do. I know because I clean them. Anyway, cigarettes are a waste of money. M: Maybe they are, but I earn the money! I work eight hours a day. Remember? W: Well, what about my money then? M: What do you mean by “your money“? You don’t go out to work, do you? W: No, I don’t’ go out to work. I work fifteen hours a day ... Here. M: Oh, I see so housework is different, is it? Housework doesn’t matter. Well you do it then. W: Hey, wait a minute, love... The floor is dirty with dust from shoes. The floor is covered with cigarette ash. The floor is covered with books, The floor is a mess with clothes.

Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are distributed among buyers. The price system of the U.S. is a very complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a mixture of services, including labor, professions, transportation, and public- utility services. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else. If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define “price“, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service, or, in other words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the money involved must be known. Both the buyer and seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privilege, and other factors. In other words, both the buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that compose the total “package“ being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they evaluate a given price. Credit Terms In Transaction Resource Distribution And The Public The Weaknesses Of The Price System The Complexities Of The Price System

At this moment some 170, 000 young people throughout Britain are suffering what is potentially the most tense and anxious time of their lives. That is the number of students currently preparing to sit for their A-levels -- examinations which will decide whether a student proceeds smoothly on to the next level of the academic ladder or whether six years of work at secondary- school level will end in the bitter disappointment of failure. In the medical “stress-charts“, examinations rank somewhere behind a death in the family, a divorce or even the loss of a job; but the symptoms of anxiety are all the more weakening because they are before the event rather than after it, but many in themselves are enough to bring about the student’s worst fears -- failing. The most crucial point about pre-examination stress is that it is something the student catches from other people. He or she is not, after all, the only person with an interest in the examination result. The pride of parents is risky, and of teachers who may see the results as measure of their own professional worth. The line between well-intentioned encouragement and harmful pressure can be a fine one, and easily crossed. 117,000. 17,000. 170,000. 1,070.

Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller【B1】______, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little chance of raising the sort of【B2】______ needed from friends and people we know, and【B3】______ banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally【B4】______to provide money on a【B5】______ basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public,【B6】______people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by【B7】______ stocks and shares in the business through the Stock Exchange. By doing so they can put into【B8】______ the savings of individuals both at home and overseas. 【B9】______. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money. 【B10】______. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, equipment and new development of these services, we can hardly improve our working and living conditions, nor can we develop the economics of the country;【B11】______. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they too, come to the Stock Exchange.

The predictability of our mortality rates is something that has long puzzled social scientists. After all, there is no natural reason why 2,500 people should accidentally shoot themselves each year or why 7,000 should drown or 55,000 die in their ears. No one establishes a quota(限额) for each type of death. It just happens that they follow a consistent pattern year after year. A few years ago a Canadian psychologist named Gerald Wilde became interested in this phenomenon. He noticed that mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths throughout the western world have remained oddly static throughout the whole of the century, despite all the technological advances and increases in safety standards that have happened in that time. Wilde developed an intriguing theory called “risk homeostasis“. According to this theory, people instinctively live with a certain level of risk. When something is made safer, people will get around the measure in some way to reassert the original level of danger, If, for instance, they are required to wear seat belts, they will feel safer and thus will drive a little faster and a little more recklessly, thereby statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers. Other studies have shown that where an intersection is made safer, the accident rate invariably falls there but rises to a compensating level elsewhere along the same stretch of road. It appears, then, that we have an innate need for danger. In all events, it is becoming clearer and clearer to scientists that the factors influencing our life span are far more subtle and complex than had been previously thought. It now appears that if you wish to live a long life, it isn’t simply a matter of adhering to certain precautions.., eating the right foods, not smoking, driving with care. You must also have the right attitude. Scientists at the Duke University Medical Center made a 15-year study of 500 persons, personalities and found, somewhat to their surprise, that people with a suspicious or mistrustful nature die prematurely far more often than people with a sunny disposition. Looking on the bright side, it seems, can add years to your life span.

Alice played the piano with more style______(对于10岁孩子所能期望的).

The secret of happiness is not in doing what one likes, ______ (而是喜欢他应做的).

W: You have a very good stereo system ... What a fine sound it produces! I feel like I’m sitting in a grand concert hall. M: It is a good system. It has fine treble, soft bass and perfect surround effects. W: What did you buy this expensive system for? Do you like music? M: Very much. I like music so much that the moment I get home I’ll turn on my stereo. W: You are crazy about music. M: Yes, I am. I can’t live without it. W: What type of music do you like the most? M: I enjoy listening to almost all categories of music -- classical, jazz, country-western, the heavy metal type of rock ... Yes, my favorite music is new age -- I’m really very fond of it. W: I’d suggest that you should major in music instead of English. M: Absolutely. But English is fine. I like English as much as music. I wish I were a double major. Actually I’m more fascinated and delighted with the hardware of music reproduction. W: The hardware of music reproduction? M: I mean musical instruments, such as the bone whistles of the Stone Age and the digital Synthesizers of this age. W: You certainly are an expert on music. May I ask you a question? M: Sure. W: I hear people talk about “hi-fi“. Is it a sound system or something else? M: It’s popularly known as a stereo system. A more accurate definition is a stereo system that reproduces music very realistically with high fidelity quality. In the early stage, a hi-fi system used compact cassettes containing magnetic tape. W: A cassette-tape player? M: Right, but the weakness is that it produces annoying “hiss“ noise while playing. W: This was one of the reasons why I bought a CD player when the cassette player broke down. M: The CD system’ will soon be out of date, replaced by some improved technology. W: Yes, I Believe it won’t take long before the change occurs. Jazz. Classical. New age. Country western.

A new【S1】______distinct species of hammerhead shark, the ninth recognized species of hammerhead, has been discovered off the South Carolina coast, scientists say. The new species 【S2】______to be rare and lives off the South Carolina coast. Classified under the genus sphyrna, will be called the “cryptic species“ for the time being. Joe Quattro, a【S3】______professor at the University of South Carolina, worked with Jim Grady of the University of New Orleans and Trey Driggers of the National Marine Fisheries Service in making the find. They found that genes in the mitochondrial(线粒体) DNA—the DNA passed from mother sharks to their【S4】______differed significantly among sharks that were【S5】______as scalloped (有圆齿的) hammerhead sharks. The studies also【S6】______that another independent genetic marker differed【S7】______between the two groups of scalloped hammerheads. Scalloped hammerheads are common along the coast and sharks of the cryptic species were found from Florida to Ninth Carolina. The newborn cryptic sharks, however, were found mainly along the South Carolina coast. “The apparent abundance of the cryptic species in coastal South Carolina could be a result of sampling, but it might also【S8】______the fact that the South Carolina bays axe the more important nursery grounds for the cryptic species,“ Quattro said. “If South Carolina’s waters are the primary nursery grounds for them and females gather here to【S9】______, these areas should be conservation【S10】______.“ A) obviously B) priorities C) proved D) evidence E) reproduce F) genetically G) generate H) highlight I) archeology J) offspring K) biology L) revealed M) classified N) appears O) substantially

It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstandings between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modem ways; that they are possessive and dominant; that they do not trust their children to deal with crises; that they talk too much about certain problems--and that they have no sense of humor, at least in parent-child relationships. I think it is tree that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young. Young people often irritate their parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles, in entertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which they have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own. Then, if it turns out that their music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents, this gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are superior, at least in a small way, and that they are leaders in style and taste. Sometimes you are resistant and proud because you do not want your parents to approve of what you do. If they approve, it looks as if you are betraying your own age group. But in that case, you are assuming that you are the underdog (受压迫者); you cannot win but at least you keep your honor. This is a passive way of looking at things. It is natural enough after long years of childhood, when you were completely under your parents’ control. But it ignores the fact that you are now beginning to be responsible for yourself. If you plan to control your life, cooperation can be part of that plan. You can charm others, especially your parents, into doing things the way you want. You can impress others with your sense of responsibility and initiative, so that they will give you the authority to do what you want to do.

______ (再没什么可讨论的了), the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier.

Neither of my parents remembered______ (见过那个人)before.

At first he tried to ______(否认这篇文章是抄来的)from the Website.

The social scientists have long felt confused about the fact that______.

In his research, Gerald Wilde finds that technological development and increases in safety standards______.

According to the theory of “risk homeostasis“, some traffic accidents result from______.

By saying “... statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers“ (Line 8, Para. 2), the author means______.

Which of the following statements may contribute to a longer life span?