The Roman language served as the first model for answering the question. Even to someone with no knowledge of Latin, the similarities among Roman languages would have made it natural to suggest that they were derived from a common ancestor. On the assumption that the shared characteristic of these languages came from the common ancestor, it would have been possible to reconstruct many of the characteristics of the original common language. In much the same way it became clear that the branches of the Indo-European family could be studied and a hypothetical family tree constructed, reading back to a common ancestor. This is the tree approach. The basic process represented by the tree model is one of divergence: when languages become isolated from one another, they differ increasingly, and dialects gradually become different until they become separate languages. Divergence is by no means the only possible tendency in language evolution. Johannes Schmidt introduced a “wave“ model, in which linguistic changes were like waves, eventually leading to convergence; that is, growing similarity among languages that were initially quite different. Today, however, most linguists think primarily in terms of familytrees. It is necessary to construct some models of how language change might occur according to a process-based view. There are four main classes of models. The first is the process of initial colonization, by which an uninhabited territory becomes populated; its language naturally becomes that of the colonizers. Second are processes of divergence, such as the linguistic divergence arising from separation or isolation mentioned above in relation to early models of the Indo-European languages. The third group of models is based on processes of linguistic convergence. The wave model, formulated by Schmidt in the 1870’s, is an example, but convergence methods have not generally found favor among linguists. Now, the slow and rather static operation of these processes is complicated by another factor: linguistic replacement. That factor provides the basis for a fourth class of models, in many areas of the world the languages initially spoken by the indigenous people have come to be replaced, fully or partially, by languages spoken by people coming from outside. Were it not for this large complicating factor, the world’s linguistic history could be faithfully described by the initial distribution of Homo Sapiens, followed by the gradual workings of divergence and convergence. So linguistic replacement also has a key role to play in explaining the origins of the Indo-European languages.

The characteristics of the original common language can be described on the basis of ______.

A．the similarities among Romance languages

B．the hypothetical family tree

C．the process known as divergence

D．the common features of Roman languages

According to Johannes Schmidt, ______.

A．languages change on a large scale like waves

B．divergence is not the only possible tendency in language change

C．language evolution can be explained in terms of divergence and convergence

D．different languages will become increasingly similar until they develop into one language

It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that ______.

A．there doesn’t exist any satisfactory model of language change

B．most linguists explain language change only in terms of divergence

C．most linguists generally don’t accept the idea of language convergence

D．the first process in language evolution is colonization, followed by divergence

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A．Linguistic replacement can be ignored for the linguistic history to be fully described.

B．Linguistic replacement cannot be ignored in explaining where the Indo-European languages come from

C．Because of linguistic replacement, the other three models prove to be incorrect

D．Compared with the other models, linguistic replacement is the most important model

This passage is primarily written to ______.

A．discuss the importance of linguistic replacement

B．introduce the origin of the Indo-European language

C．explain the divergence of the Indo-European languages

D．introduce models concerning the origin of the Indo-European languages

Carbon monoxide, funned by the incomplete combustion of some carbonaceous material, has been a ______ to humans since the domestication of fire. hazard dispute docile boost

The house by the sea had a mysterious air of ______ about it. melancholy serenity serioso retroject

A static technocratic order, by contrast, requires a very different sort of personality: a drone who does what he is told and shuns novelty, someone who avoids facing, or ______ challenges. composing proposing imposing posing

His story of rescuing ten drowning men totally by himself was ______. wonderful incredible indignant immense

The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is ______ an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience. everything except anything but no less than nothing more than

Even though formidable winters are the norm in the Dakotas, many people were unprepared for the ______ of the blizzard of 1888. inevitability ferocity probability mildness

The ______ of smoking among women, formerly negligible, has grown to such a degree that lung cancer has become the chief causer of cancer-related deaths among women. affluence ferociousness impudence incidence

If you ______ your demand, then maybe you will have more chance of getting the job you want. lessen alleviate moderate degenerate

It so happened that Lucy, who found daily life rather chaotic, entered a more solid world when she opened the piano. She was then no longer either deferential or patronizing; no longer either a rebel or a slave. The kingdom of music is not the kingdom of this world; it will accept those whom breeding and intellect and culture have alike rejected. The commonplace person begins to play, and shoots into the empyrean without effort, whilst we look up, marveling how he has escaped us, and thinking how we could worship him and love him would he but translate his visions into human actions. Perhaps he cannot; certainly he does not, or does so very seldom. Lucy had done so never. She was no dazzling execultante; nor was she the passionate young lady, who performs so tragically on a summer’s evening with the window open. Passion was there, but it could not be easily labeled. And she was tragical only in the sense that she was great, for she loved to play on the side of Victory. Victory of what and over what-that is more than the words of daily life can tell us. But that some sonatas of Beethoven are written tragic no one can gainsay; yet they can triumph or despair as the player decides, and Lucy had decided that they should triumph. A very wet afternoon at the Pension Bertolini permitted her to do the thing she really liked, and after lunch she opened the little draped piano. A few people lingered round and praised her playing, but finding that she made no reply, dispersed to their rooms to write up their diaries or to sleep. She took no notice of Mr. Emerson looking for his son, nor of Miss Bartlett looking for Miss Lavish, nor Miss Lavish looking for her book. Like every true performer, she was intoxicated by the mere feel of the notes. Mr. Beebe, sitting unnoticed in the window, pondered over this illogical element in Lucy Honeychurch, and recalled the occasion at Tunbridge Wells when he had discovered it. It was at one of those entertainments where the upper classes entertain the lower. The seats were filled with a respectful audience, and the ladies and gentlemen of this parish, under the auspices of their vicar, sang, or recited, or imitated the drawings of a champagne cork. Among the promised items was ’Miss Honeychurch. Piano. Beethoven’, and Mr. Deebe was wondering whether it would be ’Adelaida’, or the march of ’The Ruins of Athens’, when his composure was disturbed by the opening bars of Opus III. He was in suspense all through the introduction for not until the pace quickens does one know what the performer intends. With the roar of the opening theme he knew that things were going extraordinarily; in the chords that herald the conclusion he heard the hammer strokes of victory. He was glad that she only played the first movement, for he could have paid no attention to the winding intricacies of the measure of nine-sixteen. The audience clapped, no less respectful. It was Mr Bebee who started the stamping; it was all that one could do. ’Who is she?’ He asked the vicar afterwards. Cousin of one of my parishioner. I do not consider her choice of a piece happy Beethoven is so usually simple and direct in his appeal that it is sheer perversity to choose a thing like that, which, if anything disturbs. When he was introduced, Mr. Beebe realized. that Miss Honeychurch, disjoined from her music-stool, was only a young lady with a very pretty, pale, underdeveloped face. She loved going to concerts, she loved stopping with her cousin, she loved iced coffee and meringues. But before he left Tunbridge Wells he made a remark to the vicar, which he now made to Lucy herself when she closed the little piano and moved dreamily towards him. If Miss Honeychurch ever takes to live as she plays, it will be very exciting—both for us and for her.

There is only time to ______ the plan and we will discuss it in detail next week. decry eliminate expound adumbrate

While this healthy lifestyle approach to health worked for some (the wealthy members of society), people experiencing poverty, unemployment or little control ______ the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach. to into on over

Research into the validity of selection methods has consistently shown that the unstructured interview, ______ the interviewer asks any questions he or she likes, is a poor predictor of future job performance. whomever when whenever where

What a sad sight, with all the shops ______ and the people gone. shuttled shuttered shuttles shutters

Although he suffered from discrimination, Martin Luther King is a man who believed in reconciliation and only rarely ______ a grudge during his Civil Rights movement. he carried did he carry when he carried that he carried

The committee members resented ______ them of the meeting. the president that he did not tell the president not to inform the president’s not informing the president that he failed informing

My tutor frequently reminds me to ______ myself of every chance to improve my English. avail inform assure notify

It’s a modern city, full of ______ tower block. rising heaving ascending soaring

The author took a ______ approach to the topic.He presented both sides of the issue evenhandedly and did not let his own feelings intrude. dispassionate passionate disputable contesting

The path follows the river closely, occasionally ______ round a clump of trees. diverting diverging deviating deflecting

They ______ so tired if they ______ for a whole day. wouldn’t feel, didn’t walk wouldn’t feel, weren’t walking wouldn’t be feeling, weren’t walking wouldn’t be feeling, hadn’t been walking