In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called “classical conditioning“. This occurs when one event or stimulus is continuously followed by a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother’s face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called “operant(动作的) conditioning“. This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.The main purpose of this passage is to ______. teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotions give the common reader a general description of two basic kinds of learning give parents some advice on how to modify their children’s emotions through learning discuss with psychologists how positive and negative feelings are produced

The ______ care of the body requires an understanding of its needs, allowing for variations resulting from climate, age or occupation. proper tender warm mild

Mr. Wright was the ______ president of Ace Construction Company. previous before latter former

Even a child would not be ______ by such an obvious lie. cut off made up pulled down taken in

[*]The information in the form may come from ______. an advertisement in a formal newspaper a college notice board a leaflet from a travel agency a notice in the window of an estate agent

Shop assistant: Good morning. Can I help you? Customer: ______ I’m just looking round. No, you can’t Not at the moment, thanks Yes, please Yes, thank you

Ann: Do you still have a headache, Bill? Bill: Yes, I do. And now I have a fever and cough constantly. Ann: ______. That’s very regretful That’s pitiful That’s too bad That’s worse

Nancy: Hello, Ted. What’s wrong with your arm? Ted: I broke it when I was skating on the holiday. Nancy: Oh, no! ______ Ted: Much better, thanks. What a nuisance! How awful! Why was that? What a trouble!

Samuel: Hey,______? Diana: I wish I could. But I really have to stay in and finish my paper tonight. Samuel: Oh, maybe some other time, then. can I come to visit you tonight shall we have a barbecue some day this week would you like to go to cinema with me tonight John will leave Chicago tonight. Shall we go to see him off

Policeman: OK, buddy, your driving license. How fast were you going? William: Well it was about 50 mph or less. I was driving very slowly. Policeman: 50 mph? ______ All right. That’ll be one hundred dollars. Don’t you know the speed limit downtown is 40 mph? Don’t you know the controlled speed downtown is 40 mph? You need to fix your car. You drive in the wrong way.

Could you ______ reasons and examples for your answer? qualify quantify specify satisfy

With regarding to this model of color TV sets, the home-made ones are by no means those made in Japan. less inferior to less inferior than inferior than inferior to

This book ______ me twenty dollars. is cost was cost cost have been cost

Don’t put off till tomorrow ______ you can do today. that what when whether

In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called “classical conditioning“. This occurs when one event or stimulus is continuously followed by a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother’s face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called “operant(动作的) conditioning“. This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.The main purpose of this passage is to ______. teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotions give the common reader a general description of two basic kinds of learning give parents some advice on how to modify their children’s emotions through learning discuss with psychologists how positive and negative feelings are produced

Successful innovations have driven many older technologies to extinction and have resulted in higher productivity, greater consumption of energy, increased demand for raw materials, accelerated flow of materials through the economy and increased quantities of metals and other substances in use per person. The history of industrial development is full of examples. In 1870, horses and mules were the prime source of power on U.S. farms. One horse or mule was required to support four human beings—a ratio that remained almost constant for many decades. At that time, had a national commission been asked to forecast the horse and mule population for 1970, its answer probably would have depended on whether its consultants were of an economic turn of mind. Had they been “economists“, they would have recognized that the power of steam had already been harnessed to industry and to land and ocean transport. They would have recognized further that would be only a matter of time before steam would be the prime source of power on the farm. It would have been difficult for them to avoid the conclusion that the horse and mule population would decline rapidly.Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author as a consequence of new technological developments? Older technologies die away. The quality of life is improved. Overall productivity increases. More raw materials become necessary.

Paul: Do you have to have that TV on quite so loud? Carol: ______. Is it bothering you? Paul: Yes, I’m trying to sleep. Oh, I’m sorry Oh, excuse me No, I don’t Yes, I have to

Emily: Did anybody sign your petition? Gordon: Yes, we had a hundred signatures, ______. if no more if not more if moreover if not larger

Tommy: Mommy, when will we have dinner? I’m starving. Mother: ______ We have to wait for daddy. Soon, honey Quickly, honey OK, honey All right, honey

It is the business of the police to prevent and detect crime and of the law courts to punish ______. crime sin offence fault

______ from the hilltop, the lake scenery is beyond description. To see Seeing Having seen Seen

If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry (有毛皮的) animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning through ______.

If your jokes often find a ready echo in a person, you will learn through ______ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.

The word “cuddle“ in Para. 2 most probably means ______.

How can a mother help the baby to cry less?