About 50 years ago the idea of disabled people doing sports was never heard of. But when the annual games for the disabled were started at Stroke Mandeville, England in 1948 by Sir Ludwig Guttmann, the situation began to change. Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who had been driven to England in 1939 from Nazi Germany, had been asked by the British government to set up an injuries centre at Stroke Mandeville Hospital near London. His ideas about treating injuries included sports for the disabled. In the first games just two teams of injured soldiers took part. The next year, 1949, five teams took part. From those beginnings things developed fast. Teams now come from abroad to Stroke Mandeville every year. In 1960 the first Olympics for the Disabled were held in Rome. Now, every four years the Olympic Games for the Disabled are held, if possible, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games, although they are organized separately. In other years Games for the Disabled are still held at Stroke Mandeville. In the 1984 wheelchair Olympic Games, 1, 604 wheelchair athletes from about 40 countries took part. Unfortunately, they were held at Stroke Mandeville and not in Los Angeles, along with the other Olympics. The Games have been a great success in promoting international friendship and understanding, and in proving that being disabled does not mean you can’ t enjoy sports. One small source of disappointment for those who organize and take part in the games, however, has been the unwillingness of the International Olympic Committee to include the disabled events at the Olympic Games for the able bodies. Perhaps a few more years are still needed to convince those fortunate enough not to be disabled that their disabled fellow athletes should not be excluded.

Police in the popular resort city Virginia Beach recently began operating video surveillance cameras with controversial face recognition technology. Virginia Beach and Tampa in Florida two cities in the United States acquired the technology, which cost them $197,000. “Before we switched it on, we went through an extensive public education process with hearings and the involvement of citizen groups and minority groups, who helped write the policies we are using, “ said deputy police chief Greg Mullen. A citizens’ auditing committee has the right to perform unannounced spot checks on police headquarters to make sure the technology is not being misused. Three of the city’s 13 cameras are linked full time to the face recognition system, though the others can be activited as needed. The database of wanted people is updated every day. So far, the system has failed to produce a single arrest, though it has generated a few false alarms. It works by analyzing faces based on a series of measurements, such as the distance from the tip of the nose to the chin or the space between the eyes. Critics say it is highly inaccurate and can be easily fooled. Mullen, who sees the system eventually being linked to the databases of other city, state and federal law enforcement agencies to track criminals and suspected terrorists, said, “The system doesn’t look at skin color or your hair or your gender. It takes human prejudices out of the equation. “ “This technology has little or no effect on the crime rate but it does have an effect on people’s behavior. People feel cowed, “ said Bruce Steinhardt, who directs the technology. Despite the fact that tests have shown faces recognition only works in around 30% cases, the ACLU is alarmed that the technology may soon spread to airports. The organization also fears it could potentially be used to monitor individual’s political activities to harass law-abiding citizens. “This kind of surveillance should be subject to the same procedures as wiretaps. Law enforcement agencies should justify why they need it and it should be tightly limited, otherwise it will soon become a tool of social control, “ said Mihir Kshisagar of the Electronic Information Privacy Center. Nor does such criticism come exclusively from the political left. Lawyer John Whitehead, founder of the conservative Rutherford Institute, wrote in an editorial that the technology threatened the right of each U. S. citizen to participate in society. “After all, that is exactly what constant surveillance is—the ultimate implied threat of coercion, “ he wrote.

[*]Here is the Nine O’clock News. Today there are four items on this program. President Absul Krim of Syria has said that danger of war in the Middle East is because Syrian people have waited too long for an end to the troubles with their neighbours. If war comes, says Mr. Krim, Syria will be ready. These remarks have been made in Damascus, the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic. Policemen in New York have gone on strike. Their leader Mr. Paul An-geli says that they will return to work only when they receive more money for working long hours, and doing what Mr. Angeli calls “the most dangerous job in the city“. Ben Kitson, a writer of stories and plays for children, has died at his home in California. Mr. Kitson was 82. His most famous book of stories The Gentleman’s House sells all over the world in more than twenty-five languages. It has been a good year on the farm. The warm, wet spring and the fine summer have been very good for various food plants. This means that fruits and vegetables will cost less in the shops this year.

What is the man’ s chief responsibility in the Green Peace organization?W: Right, well, in the studio this morning, for our interview spot is Peter Wilson. Peter works for Green Peace. So, Peter, welcome. M: Thanks a lot. W: Peter, perhaps you can tell us something about Green Peace and your job there. M: Sure. We’ ve been going for a few decades and we’ re a non-violent, non-political organization. We’re involved in anti-nuclear activity, conservation and protection of animals and protection and support of our ecosystem. I’m the action organizer and arrange any protests. W;Great! Peter. What sort of protest would you organize? M: Well, recently we’ ve been involved in anti-nuclear campaigns. I personally arranged for the demonstration against radioactive waste dumping in the Atlantic Ocean. We’ ve got a few small Green Peace boats that we harass the dumping ship with. W;Hey? Hold on, Peter. I thought you said your organization was non-violent. What do you mean by harass? M: Well, we circle round and round the ships and get in the way when they try to dump the drums of nuclear waste in the sea. We talk to the men and try to change, you know, yell at them to stop. We generally make ourselves as much of a nuisance possible. W: Well, people may think differently of your methods, but there’ s no doubt you’ re doing a great job. Keep it up and good luck. And thanks for talking with us. W: Thanks for having me. He’ s involved in anti-nuclear activity. He’ s responsible for conservation and protection of animals. He’ s the action organizer and arranges any protests. He’ s involved in protection and support of the eco-system.

What crops does the farmer grow?W: Would you please describe the nature of your farm? M: Sure, I mainly grow feed crops. Feed crops are crops that are used to feed cattle. The crops that I grow are corn and wheat. I do grow cotton and other when the prices for them are better. W: How many employees do you have? M: I have three full-time employees and six to seven part-time employees. W: Do you pay them hourly or are they salaried? M: I pay them by the hour because sometimes they only work a few hours and other times they work many hours. Therefore, it wouldn’ t be fair for them to get a weekly or monthly salary year round. W: How many hours do you work as the owner? M: In the winter I work eight hours a day, but in the spring, summer, and fall I work twelve to fourteen hours a day. Many times a farmer’ s work depends on the weather. For example, if the crop need water and it hasn’t rained, I must irrigate my fields which can take many hours. At other times, I spend my time in checking my fields for pests. If I find them, I have to apply pesticides. If my machinery breaks down, I have to fix it. Of course, I must also make sure my crops get picked when they are ready. W: If you were to start a new business this year, what changes would you make? M: I wouldn’ t make many changes, and the few changes I would make would be subtle. Right now I am a successful farmer. Cotton every year. Corn and wheat. Rice. Other things.

Why are we far from satisfied with our basic needs?What do we mean by a satisfactory standard of living? Obviously, it must include the basic necessities of life such as food, clothing and shelter. To obtain these necessities on a regular basis, a person must have a reliable income. But we have other needs which we would probably also describe as basic, for example, health and education facilities and security. All of these we may define as our needs. But most of us would be far from satisfied if we had nothing more than these provided for us. We all enjoy having extra income to spend on things such as books, sports, or hobbies. Sometimes we save some of this extra income to provide for future expenditure of this type on holidays, for example. So in addition to our basic needs, we must add our wants. Our standard of living is the degree to which these needs and wants are satisfied. Because we should save extra money for future expenditure. Because we have other wants in addition to our basic needs. Because we all enjoy reading books. Because man is never satisfied even if he has everything he wants.

Walking—like swimming, bicycling and running—is an aerobic exercise,【C1】______ builds the capacity for energy output and physical endurance by increasing the supply of oxygen to skin and muscles. Such exercises may be a primary factor in the【C2】______of heart and circulatory disease. As probably the least strenuous, safest aerobic activity, walking is the【C3】______acceptable exercise for the largest number of people. Walking【C4】______comfortable speed improves the efficiency of the cardiorespiratory system【C5】______stimulating the lungs and heart, but at a more gradual rate than most other forms of exercise. In one test, a group of men 40 to 57 years of age,【C6】______at a fast pace for 40 minutes four days a week, showed improvement【C7】______to men the same age on a 30 minute, three-day-a-week jogging program in the same period. Their resting heart rate and body fat decreased【C8】______. These changes suggest some of the important—even vital—benefits walking can bring about. Walking【C9】______burns calories. It takes 3,500 calories to gain or lose one pound. Since a one-hour walk at a moderate pace will【C10】______up 300 to 360 calories. By walking one hour every other day, you can burn up a pound and a half monthly, or 18 pounds 【C11】______—providing there is no change in your intake of food. To【C12】______weight faster, walk an hour every day and burn up 3 pounds a month, or 36 pounds a year. Whatever your age, right now is the time to give your physical well-being as much thought as you【C13】______to pensions or insurance. Walking is a vital defense【C14】______the ravages of degenerative diseases and aging. It is nature’ s【C15】______of giving you a tuneup.

Every country with a monetary system of its own has to have some kind of market in which dealers in bills, notes, and other forms of short term credit can buy and sell. The“money market“ is a set of institutions or arrangements for handling what might be called wholesale transactions in money and short term credit. The need for such facilities arises in much the same way that a similar need does in connection with the distribution of any of the products of a diversified economy to their final users at the retail level. If the retailer is to provide reasonably adequate service to his customers , he must have active contacts with others who specialize in making or handling bulk quantities of whatever is his stock in trade. The money market is made up of specialized facilities of exactly this kind. It exists for the purpose of improving the ability of the retailers of financial services—commercial banks, savings institutions, investment houses, lending agencies, and even governments—to do their jobs. It has little if any contact with the individuals or firms who maintain accounts with these various retailers or purchase their securities or borrow from them. The elemental functions of a money market must be performed in any kind of modern economy, even one that is largely planned or socialist, but the arrangements in socialist countries do not ordinarily take the form of a market. Money markets exist in countries that use market processes rather than planned allocations to distribute most of their primary resources among alternative uses. The general distinguishing feature of a money market is that it relies upon open competition among those who are bulk suppliers of funds at any particular time and among those seeking bulk funds, to work out the best practicable distribution of the existing total volume of such funds. In their market transactions, those with bulk supplies of funds or demands for them, rely on groups of intermediaries who act as brokers or dealers. The characteristics of these middlemen, the services they perform, and their relationship to other parts of the financial vary widely from country to country. In many countries there is no single meeting place where the middlemen get together, yet in most countries the contacts among all participants are sufficiently open and free to assure each supplier or user of funds that he will get or pay a price that fairly reflects all of the influences(including his own)that are currently affecting the whole supply and the whole demand. In nearly all cases, moreover, the unifying force of competition is reflected at any given moment in a common price(that is, rate of interest)for similar transactions. Continuous fluctuations in the money market rates of interest result from changes in the pressure of available supplies of funds upon the market and in the pull of current demands upon the market.

[*]On the area weather map, most stations in southern Michigan are still reporting sunny skies. It’ s seventy-nine degrees at Detroit, seventy-three degrees at Lansing. Chicago is reporting light showers. South Bend is cloudy as the cloudiness moves in from the southwest. The temperature at Ann Arbor Airport in degrees Celsius is twenty-three point three. That’ s seventy-four degrees on the Fahrenheit scale. Sixty-six degrees is the water temperature of the lake with winds gusting at twenty knots. The relative humidity is fifty-five percent and the barometric pressure is thirty point eleven inches of mercury and falling. The pollution index today is seventy-five. The quality of our air is fair. Sunrise will be at six o’ clock tomorrow morning. And now for the extended forecast. For tonight, we expect partly cloudy conditions and mild temperatures with tonight’ s low about sixty degrees and only a twenty percent chance of any showers this evening. Tomorrow morning, look for mostly cloudy conditions with a seventy percent chance of showers and thundershowers continuing into the evening. It looks like it will be a mild, but rainy weekend.

[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s. [B] In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’ s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived. [C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites. [D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copan collapsed. [E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields. [F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’ s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knossos) on the island of Crete, in 1900. [G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research. Order: [*]

【T1】Fathers exposed to poisonous substances are probably just as likely to be the cause of defects in their unborn infants as mothers. Yet it is women who are told to stop drinking and smoking and to look after their health when they are pregnant. And it is women who find that they are banned from jobs where they are exposed to harmful chemicals or radiation. 【T2】Despite a growing body of scientific evidence that a man’ s exposure to damaging substances can affect his offspring, pregnant women are still charged with the responsibility of keeping their infants healthy, said Gladys Friedler, of the Boston University School of Medicine. “This is puzzling“ , she said. “Most of the workforce is still male, so why do we still spend so much time looking at women? The health of men as well as women should be of concern. In the US, 2, 500,000 children are born with birth defects each year. In 60 percent of cases the origin of the defect is not known. 【T3】These figures do not include less obvious problems that appear later in development, such as biochemical malfunctions and behavioral problems. Many researchers still seem reluctant to contemplate that a man’ s environment can influence the health of children. “ If the effects had not been so obvious, we might still be reluctant to acknowledge the effect of environmental agents on women. “Despite this, there is a reluctance to accept the accumulated evidence of men’ s effects on development, she said. 【T4】Some companies have already taken steps to “protect the unborn child“ by excluding women from jobs where they might be exposed to dangerous substances. This has led to some bitter disputes between the women and their employers in the US. The most famous case, now before the Supreme Court, pits a group of women and their union against Johnson Controls, a company which makes batteries. 【T5】The company transferred women from higher-paying jobs where they were exposed to lead on the grounds that it had to protect unborn children. The irony is that children born to men working in the factory are probably just as much at risk.

Read the following text(s) and write an essay to 1) summarize the main points of the text(s) , 2) make clear your own viewpoints, and 3) justify your stand. In your essay, make full use of the information provided in the text(s). If you use more than three consecutive words from the text(s), use quotation marks (“ “). You should write 160 -200 words on the ANSWER SHEET. We have all heard the saying, “ You are what you eat. “ Current research suggests that the majority of Americans have bad eating habits, and some of this is determined by our lifestyle, which demands that we eat quickly and inexpensively. What are the commonest foods on the American menu? Hamburgers and French fries, sugar-laden drinks; pies and whipped cream, malts and ice-cream. Apart from an occasional broiled hamburger, all the things on that list are bad for us. And there are certain prophets of doom who predict that all those fat laden fast foods provide us with only one thing—a faster road to the grave. On the other hand, there are those who claim that the basic fast-food meal contains all the nourishment you need. After all, there are meat, milk, salad and bread. And if you have a cheeseburger instead of a hamburger, you are doing yourself an extra favor by adding additional protein. What these good news gossips are overlooking is the usually pulpy bun; the excess of sugar in the maltose or Coke; and overdose of salt that is sprinkled on the hamburger to make palatable. So you decide to stay away from the hamburger joint, and buy your food from the supermarket. Are you any better off? Not if you buy frozen or canned food. The experts tell us that canned and frozen vegetables contain sugar, as well as all sorts of perspectives that are not doing anything to improve your health. According to these people, the only way to be sure your food is good for you is to buy it and cook it fresh. And then, of course, you have to eat it—and that creates another problem. The speed of today’ s world has encouraged many of us to eat far too fast. We do not chew our food enough, and we eat on the run or we jump and start running the minute we finish eating.

The first games for the disabled were held______after Sir Ludwing Guttmann arrived in England.

Besides Stroke Mandeville, surely the games for the disabled were once held in______.

In paragraph 2, the underlined word “athletes“ means “______“.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

From the passage we may conclude that the writer is______.