In a three-month period last year, two Brooklynites had to be cut out of their apartments and carried to hospital on stretchers designed for transporting small whales. The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance(NAAFA)argues that it was not their combined 900kg bulk that made them ill. Obesity, according to NAAFA, is not bad for you. And, even if it was, there is nothing to be done about it, because genes dictate weight. Attempting to eat less merely slows metabolism, having people as chubby as ever. This is the fatlash movement that causes America’ s slimming industry so much pain. In his book Bin Fat Lies(Ballantine, 19%), Glenn Gaesser says that no study yet has convincingly shown that weight is an independent cause of health problems. Fatness does not kill people; things like hypertension, coronary heart diseases and cancer do. Michael Fumento, author of The Fat of the Land(Viking, 1997), an anti-fatlash diatribe, compares Dr Gaesser’ s logic with saying that the guillotine did not kill Louis XVI: Rather, it was the severing of his vertebrae, the cutting of all the blood vessels in his neck, and... the trauma caused by his head dropping several feet into a wicker basket. Being fat kills in several ways. It makes people far more likely to suffer from heart disease or high blood pressure. Even moderate obesity increases the chance of contracting diabetes. Being 40% overweight makes people 30% ~ 50% more likely to die of cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. Extreme fatness makes patients so much less likely to survive surgery that many doctors refuse to operate until they slim. The idea that being overweight is caused by obesity genes is not wholly false: researchers have found a number of genes that appear to make some people burn off energy at a slower rate. But genes are not destiny. The difference between someone with a genetic predisposition to gain weight and someone without appears to be roughly 40 calories—or a spoonful of mayonnaise—a day. An alternative fatlash argument, advanced in books such as Dean Onrush’ s Eat More, Weight Less(Harper Collies, 1993)and Date Atrens’ s Don’ t Diet(William Morrow, 1978), is that fatness is not a matter of eating too much. They note that as Americans’ weight has ballooned over the last few decades, their reported caloric intake has plunged. This simply explains people’ s own recollection of how much they eat is extremely unreliable. And as they grow fatter, people feel guilty and are more likely to fib about how much they eat. All reputable studies show that eating less and exercising reduce weight. Certainly, the body’ s metabolism slows a little when you lose weight, because it takes less energy to carry less bulk around, and because dieting can make the body fear it is about to starve. But a sensible low-fat diet makes weight loss possible. The fatlash movement is dangerous, because slimmers will often find any excuse to give up. To tell people that it is healthy to be obese is to encourage them to live sick and die young.

Though Paul is disabled, he managed to move around in the house.Do It Yourself Magazine organizes a competition every summer to elect the “ Handyman of the year“. The winner of this year is Mr. Roy Miller, a Sheffield postman. A journalist and a photographer have come to his house. The journalist is interviewing Mr. Miller for an article in the magazine. W: Well, I’m very impressed by all the work you’ve done on your house, Mr. Miller. How long have you been working on it? M: I first became interested in Do-it-Yourself several years ago. You see, my son Paul is disabled. He’s in a wheel-chair and I just had to make alterations to the house. I couldn’t afford to pay workmen to do it. I had to learn to do it myself. W: Had you had any experience in this kind of work? Did you have any practical skills? M: No. I got a few books from the library but they didn’t help very much. So I decided to go to evening classes so that I could learn basic carpentry and electrical wiring. W: What sort of changes did you make to the house? M: First of all, practical things to help Paul. You never really realize the problems handicapped people have until it attacks your own family. Most government buildings, for example, have steps up to the door. They don’t plan buildings so that disabled people can get in and out. We used to live in a flat, and of course, it was totally unsuitable. Just imagine the problems a disabled person would have in your house. We needed a larger house with wide corridors so that Paul could get from one room to another. We didn’t have much money and we had to buy this one. It’s over ninety years old and it was in a very bad state of repair. W: Where did you begin? M: The electrical. I completely rewired the house so that Paul could reach all the switches. I had to lower the light switches and raise the power-points. I went on to do the whole house so that Paul could reach things and go where he needed. W: What else did you do? M: By the time I’d altered everything for Paul, do-it-yourself had become a hobby. I really enjoyed doing things with my hands. Look, I even installed smoke-alarms. W: What was the purpose of that? M: I was very worried about fire. You see, Paul can’t move very fast. I fitted them so that we would have plenty of warning if there were a fire. I put in a complete burglar-alarm system. It took weeks. The front door opens automatically, and I’m going to put a device on Paul’s wheelchair so that he’ll be able to open and close it when he wants. W: What are you working on now? M: I’ve just finished the kitchen. I’ve designed it so that he can reach everything. Now I’m building an extension so that Paul will have a large room on the ground floor where he can work. W: There’s a $10, 000 prize. How are you going to spend it? M: I am going to start my own business so that I can convert ordinary houses for disabled people. I think I’ve become an expert on the subject. TRUE FALSE

Where is population growth happening?The world’s population keeps growing. There now are about 4 billion of us on earth. That could reach 6 billion by the end of the century and 11 billion in a further 75 years. Experts have long been concerned about such growth. Where will we find the food, water, jobs, houses, schools and health to care for all these people? A major new study shows that the situation may be changing. A large and rapid drop in die world’s birth rate has taken place during the past 10 years. Families generally are smaller now than they were a few years ago. It is happening in both developing and industrial nations. Researchers said they found a number of reasons for this. More men and women are waiting longer to get married and are using birth control devices and methods to prevent or delay pregnancy. More women are going to school or working at jobs away from home instead of having children. And more governments, especially in developing nations, now support family planning programs to reduce population growth. China is one of the nations that have achieved great progress in reducing its population growth. China has already cut its rate of population growth by about one half since 1970. Each Chinese family is now urged to have no more than one child. And the hope is to reach a zero population growth with the total number of births equaling the total number of deaths by the year 2000. Several nations in Europe already have fewer births than deaths. Experts said that these nations could face a serious shortage of workers in the future. And the persons who are working could face much higher taxes to help support the growing number of retired people. In all countries in the world. In only a few countries. In most countries. Mainly in developed countries.

Who is the speaker?Today it’s my turn to give the weekly oral presentation, and the topic that Professor May had assigned to me is “ the life of the poet, Emily Dickinson“. Compared with Walt Whitman whom we discussed last week, I found Emily Dickinson strikingly different. She seemed in fact to be the complete opposite of Whitman in her life and in her work. I would like to share briefly with the class some of the essential facts of her biography. Emily Dickinson was born in 1830 in Amherst, Mass, barely a decade after Whitman. In her early 20’s for reasons which still remain a mystery she began to withdraw from her ordinary contact with the world. For the remaining 30 years of her life she was seldom seen outside her home. In this respect she was quite unlike Whitman who loved the great outdoors. Emily Dickinson spent her solitary days corresponding with her friends and writing hundreds of remarkable poems, notably “I heard a fly buzz“and the poem we have read for today “I’m nobody“. Although she showed none of her poems to her family and sent some of her letters to friends, only four were published in her life time. Most of them, almost 1, 200 poems were discovered in her room after she died in 1886 at the age of 56. These poems have established her as a major poet, and several modern critics consider her the greatest woman poet in the English language. Eh, that’s about all I have. Is there any question? If not, we should probably begin talking about Dickinson’s “I’m nobody“ , the poem Professor May assigned for this week’s class discussion. A poet. A teacher. A student. An artist.

The man behind this notion, Jack Maple, is a dandy who affects dark glasses, homburgs(翘边帽)and two-toe shoes;yet he has become something of a legend in America’s police departments. For some years, starting in New York and moving on to high-crime spots such as New Orleans and Philadelphia, he and his business partner, John Linder have marketed a two-tier system for cutting crime. First, police departments have to sort themselves out; root out corruption, streamline their bureaucracy, and make more contact with the public. Second, they have to adopt a computer system called Comstat which helps them to analyze statistics of all major crimes. These are constantly keyed into the computer, which then displays where and when they have occurred on a color-coded map, enabling the police to monitor crime trends as they happen and to spot high-crime areas. In New York, Comstat’s statistical maps are analyzed each week at a meeting of the city’s police chief and precinct captains. Messrs Maple and Linder(“specialists in crime-reduction services“)have no doubt that their system is a main contributor to the drop in crime. When they introduced it in New Orleans in January 1997, violent crime dropped by 22% in a year;when they merely started working informally with the police department in Newark, New Jersey, violent crime fell by 13%. Police departments are now lining up to pay as much as $50, 000 a month for these two men to put them straight. Probably all these new policies and bits of technical wizardry, added together, have made a big difference to crime. But there remain anomalies that cannot be explained, such as the fact that crime in Washington D. C. , has fallen as fast as anywhere, although the police department has been corrupt and hopeless and, in large stretches of the city, neither police nor residents seem disposed to fight the criminals in their midst. The more important reason for the fall in crime rates, many say, is a much less sophisticated one. It is a fact that crime rates have dropped as the imprisonment rate soared. In 1997 the national incarceration rate, at 645 per 100, 000 people was more than double the rate in 1985, and the number of inmates in city and county jails rose by 9. 4% , almost double its annual average increase since 1990. Surely some criminologists argue, one set of figures is the cause of the other. It is precise because more people are being sent to prison, they claim that crime rates are falling. A 1993 study by the National Academy of Sciences actually concluded that the tripling of the prison population between 1975 and 1989 had lowered violent crime by 10-15%. Yet cause and effect may not be so obviously linked. To begin with, the sale and possession of drugs are not counted by the FBI in its crime index, which is limited to violent crimes and crimes against property. Yet drug offences account for more than a third of the recent increase in the number of those jailed;since 1980, the incarceration rate for drug arrests has increased by 1, 000%. And although about three-quarters of those going to prison for drug offences have committed other crimes as well, there is not yet a crystal-clear connection between filling the jails with drug-pushers and a decline in the rate of violent crime. Again, though national figures are suggestive, local ones diverge; the places where crime has dropped most sharply(such as New York City)are not always the places where incarceration has risen fastest.

The issue of online privacy in the Internet age found new urgency following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, sparking debate over striking the correct balance between protecting civil liberties and attempting to prevent another tragic terrorist act. While preventing terrorism certainly is of paramount importance, privacy rights should not be deemed irrelevant. In response to the attacks, Congress quickly passed legislation that included provisions expanding rights of investigators to intercept wire, oral and electronic communications of alleged hackers and terrorists. Civil liberties groups expressed concerns over the provisions and urged caution in ensuring that efforts to protect our nation do not result in broad government authority to erode privacy rights of U. S. citizens. Nevertheless, causing further concern to civil liberties groups, the Department of Justice proposed exceptions to the attorney-client privilege. On Oct. 30, Attorney General John Ashcroft approved an interim agency rule that would permit federal prison authorities to monitor wire and electronic communications between lawyers and their clients in federal custody, including those who have been detained but not charged with any crime, whenever surveillance is deemed necessary to prevent violence or terrorism. In light of this broadening effort to reach into communications that were previously believed to be “off-limits“, the issue of online privacy is now an even more pressing concern. Congress has taken some legislative steps toward ensuring online privacy, including the Children’ s Online Privacy Protection Act, and provided privacy protections for certain sectors through legislation such as the Financial Services Modernization Act. The legislation passed to date does not, however, provide a statutory scheme for protecting general online consumer privacy. Lacking definitive federal law, some states passed their own measures. But much of this legislation is incomplete or not enforced. Moreover, it becomes unworkable when states create different privacy standards; the Internet does not know geographic boundaries, and companies and individuals cannot be expected to comply with differing, and at times conflicting, privacy rules. An analysis earlier this year of 751 U. S. and international Web sites conducted by Consumers International found that most sites collect personal information but fail to tell consumers how that data will be used, how security is maintained and what rights consumers have over their own information. At a minimum, Congress should pass legislation requiring Web sites to display privacy policies prominently, inform consumers of the methods employed to collect client data, allow customers to opt out of such data collection, and provide customer access to their own data that has already been collected. Although various Internet privacy bills were introduced in the 107th Congress, the focus shifted to expanding government surveillance in the wake of the terrorist attacks. Plainly, government efforts to prevent terrorism are appropriate. Exactly how these exigent circumstances change the nature of the online privacy debate is still to be seen.

Which of the following statements about the telephone of the future is NOT true?The telephone that you will use before long will be much more complicated than the one you use today. It will be a video phone, a phone that can transmit and receive pictures as well as sound. With a video phone you not only hear, but also see the person you are talking to. People will be able to hold business conferences by using video phones. Each person in the conference will sit in his or her own office and talk with others in the conference held in other cities. The telephone of the future will be more convenient to use than today’s telephones. You will be able to dial almost any city in the world. You will also be able to dial people from almost any place in the world, even if they live in the countryside. Besides being able to dial great distances, you will have less trouble with busy signals. When you call someone and the line is busy, you can simply have the phone call you back. When the line is free, you will get your call and go ahead with your message. Television will bring changes in many ways also. Screens will become larger. You can have one wall of size if you wish. It will be like having a movie theater in your own home. Most programs will probably reach you by overhead satellite. Some of these programs will be shown on all TV sets free of charge within a certain area. There will be other special programs that you may select if you wish to pay for them. There will be programs about certain subjects on video tapes that you may borrow from your public library. You will be able to hook these into your home TV set and enjoy them just as you would have a regular TV program. You will be able to watch your special program any time you choose. It will be much more complex than the telephone we use today. It will be more convenient to use than today’s telephone. You will be able to dial great distances. There will be no busy lines.

In a three-month period last year, two Brooklynites had to be cut out of their apartments and carried to hospital on stretchers designed for transporting small whales. The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance(NAAFA)argues that it was not their combined 900kg bulk that made them ill. Obesity, according to NAAFA, is not bad for you. And, even if it was, there is nothing to be done about it, because genes dictate weight. Attempting to eat less merely slows metabolism, having people as chubby as ever. This is the fatlash movement that causes America’ s slimming industry so much pain. In his book Bin Fat Lies(Ballantine, 19%), Glenn Gaesser says that no study yet has convincingly shown that weight is an independent cause of health problems. Fatness does not kill people; things like hypertension, coronary heart diseases and cancer do. Michael Fumento, author of The Fat of the Land(Viking, 1997), an anti-fatlash diatribe, compares Dr Gaesser’ s logic with saying that the guillotine did not kill Louis XVI: Rather, it was the severing of his vertebrae, the cutting of all the blood vessels in his neck, and... the trauma caused by his head dropping several feet into a wicker basket. Being fat kills in several ways. It makes people far more likely to suffer from heart disease or high blood pressure. Even moderate obesity increases the chance of contracting diabetes. Being 40% overweight makes people 30% ~ 50% more likely to die of cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. Extreme fatness makes patients so much less likely to survive surgery that many doctors refuse to operate until they slim. The idea that being overweight is caused by obesity genes is not wholly false: researchers have found a number of genes that appear to make some people burn off energy at a slower rate. But genes are not destiny. The difference between someone with a genetic predisposition to gain weight and someone without appears to be roughly 40 calories—or a spoonful of mayonnaise—a day. An alternative fatlash argument, advanced in books such as Dean Onrush’ s Eat More, Weight Less(Harper Collies, 1993)and Date Atrens’ s Don’ t Diet(William Morrow, 1978), is that fatness is not a matter of eating too much. They note that as Americans’ weight has ballooned over the last few decades, their reported caloric intake has plunged. This simply explains people’ s own recollection of how much they eat is extremely unreliable. And as they grow fatter, people feel guilty and are more likely to fib about how much they eat. All reputable studies show that eating less and exercising reduce weight. Certainly, the body’ s metabolism slows a little when you lose weight, because it takes less energy to carry less bulk around, and because dieting can make the body fear it is about to starve. But a sensible low-fat diet makes weight loss possible. The fatlash movement is dangerous, because slimmers will often find any excuse to give up. To tell people that it is healthy to be obese is to encourage them to live sick and die young.

For a child, happiness has a magical nature. I remember making hide-outs in newly-cut hay, playing cops and robbers in the woods, getting a speaking part in the school play. Of course, Kids also experience lows, But their delight at such peaks of pleasure as winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved. In the teenage years the concept of happiness changes. Suddenly it’s conditional on such things as excitement, love, popularity and whether that zit will clear up before night. I can still feel the agony of not being invited to a party that almost everyone else was going to. But I also recall the ecstasy of being plucked from obscurity at another event to dance with a John Travolta look-alike. 【R1】______ My dictionary defines happy as “lucky“or “fortunate“ , But I think a better definition of happiness is “the capacity for enjoyment“. The more we can appreciate what we have, the happier we are. It’s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, die freedom to live where we please, even good health. 【R2】______ Later, peace descended again, and my husband and I enjoyed another pleasure—intimacy. Sometimes just the knowledge that he wants can bring me joy. You never know where happiness will turn up next. When I asked friends what made them happy, some mentioned apparently insignificant moments. “I hate shopping, “one friend said, “but there’s a clerk who always chats and really cheers me up. 【R3】______ I get a thrill from driving. One day I stopped to let the school bus turn onto a side road. The driver grinned and gave me a thumbs-up sign. We were two allies in the world of mad motorists. It made me smile. 【R4】______ Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a mixture of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work. I doubt that my great grandmother, who raised 14 children and took in washing, had none of either. She did have a network of close friends and families, and maybe this is what fulfilled her. If she was content with what she had, perhaps it was because she didn’t expect life to be very different. 【R5】______ While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn’t about what comes to us—it’s about how we perceive what comes to us. It’s the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a setback as a challenge. It’s not wishing for what we haven’t had, But enjoying what we do possess. A. Another friend loves the telephone. “Every time it rings, I know someone is thinking about me. “ B. When we think about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, a pinnacle of sheer delight— and those pinnacles seem to get rarer the older we get. C. In adulthood the things that bring profound joy—birth, love, marriage—also bring responsibility and the risk of loss. Love may not last, sex isn’t always good, loved ones die. For adults, happiness is complicated. D. We, on the other hand, with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, have changed happiness into one more thing we “gotta have“. We’re so self-conscious about our “right“ to it that it’s making us miserable. So we chase it and equate it with wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things aren’t necessarily happier. E. I added up my little moments of pleasure yesterday. First there was sheer bless when I shut the last lunchbox and had the house for myself. Then I spent an uninterrupted morning writing, which I love. When the kids came back home, I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the whole day. F. We all experience moments like these. Too few of us register them as happiness.

It is often said that the subjects taught in schools are too academic in orientation and that it would be more useful for children to learn about practical matters such as home management, work and interpersonal skills. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

When did Dr. Huber get his own telescope?W: Dr. Huber, when did you first become interested in physics and music? M: I can’ t remember a time when I wasn’ t interested in physics. When I was a child, I was very curious about the world around me. For example, I always wondered why light behaves the way it does. I found it more fun to play with a prism than to play with the kids in the neighborhood. I wasn’t very social, but I was really into figuring out how things worked. I got my own telescope when I was eight years old, and I loved to take it out at night and go star gazing. I would look at the planets and stars and wonder what was out there. When I was ten, my father bought me a book on the universe, and I just ate it up. In fact, I still have that book right here in my office. It was the same with music. I’ ve always had a natural ear for music, perfect pitch. Even as a young child, if I heard a song on the radio, I could go right to the piano and play it. When I heard a sound like the ring of a telephone, I could identify its pitch and play the note on the piano. However, I didn’t develop a serious interest in becoming a pianist until I was in college. I also seemed to do well in school in the visual arts like painting and drawing. W: What commonality do you see between music and physics? M: There is a common misconception that art and science are completely separated from each other. I think the distinction is artificial. In reality, art and science are not as mutually exclusive as one might assume. Solving a complicated mathematical problem, for example, can require the same degree of creative thinking as painting a landscape or writing a poem. I feel an indefinable tingle when I play the Schumann Concerto or dance the pas de deux from Romeo and Juliet. I get that the same tingle from theoretical physics. The beauty of art is readily apparent to most people. However, in the case of theoretical physics, the beauty is not nearly as accessible to the general public, but it is every bit as exciting. Nature seems to follow certain principles, very much the same as art does. It’ s not uncommon for physicists to become accomplished musicians. Music theory is a very mathematical discipline. Relationships among various notes in classical harmony are based on simple mathematical relationships. W: You have said that physics is beautiful. What makes it beautiful to you? M: To me, it’ s incredible the way nature seems to work so perfectly. I think it is beautiful. I always tell my students on the first day of class. “ If you like reading Sherlock Holmes detective stories, you’ll like doing physics problems. “ Physics is about figuring things out—discovering how they work, just like a detective. A lot of people fear physics because they view it as a big complicated jumble of facts that have to be memorized. But that’ s not true. It’ s an understanding of how nature works, how the various parts interact. One can view art and literature as the relationships and interactions of ideas. In the same way, physics studies the relationships and interactions of concepts. In other words, to me art and science fundamentally attempt to achieve the same objective—understanding of the world around us I The whole universe seems to follow some very basic principles as it evolves in with time, some of these principles including the Conservation of Energy and the Conservation of Angular Momentum. The conservation laws of physics are like non-interest bearing checking accounts. In the case of energy conservation, you can make energy deposits and energy withdrawals, but all the energy is accounted for. The rotation of objects is governed by a law called the Conservation of Angular Momentum, which applies to everything in the universe including the rotation of stars, the rotation of the planets and their orbits, the behavior of an electron in an atom, the spin of a figure skater, and the rotation of wheels on a truck. What it all comes down to in the end is that everything in the universe fits together like the pieces of a perfect puzzle. As Einstein said, “The most incomprehensible thing about the universe is that it is comprehensible.

“The more gadgets there are, the【C1】______things seem to get. “ said Honore Ervin, co-author of The Etiquette Girls: Things You Need to Be Told. “ Just because it’ s there【C2】______your disposal, doesn’ t mean you have to use it 24/7. “ A recent【C3】______by market research company Synovate showed that 70 percent of 1, 000 respondents【C4】______the poorest etiquette in cell phone users over other devices. The worst habit? Loud phone conversations in public places, or “ cell yell, “【C5】______to 72 percent of the Americans polled. “ People use【C6】______anywhere and everywhere, “ Ervin said. “ At the movies—turn【C7】______ your cell phone. I don’t want to pay $ 10 to be sitting next to some guy chitchatting to his girlfriend【C8】______ his cell phone. “ This rudeness has deteriorated public spaces, according to Lew Friedland, a communication professor【C9】______the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He【C10】______the lack of manners a kind of unconscious rudeness, 【C11】______many people are not【C12】______of what they’ re doing or the others around them. “ I think it’ s really noticeable in any plane, train or bus【C13】______you’ re subjected against your will【C14】______someone else’ s conversation, “ he said. “You can listen to intimate details of their uncle’ s illness, problems with their lovers and【C15】______they’ re having for sinner. “ “ It【C16】______what was a public common space and starts to【C17】______it up into small private space. A short time ago, if cell phone users【C18】______politely asked to talk quietly, they would【C19】______ with chagrin, he said. “ Now more and more people are essentially treating you like you don’ t understand that loud cell phone use is【C20】______in public.

A = Washington D. C. B = New York City C = Chicago D = Los Angeles Which city... is the headquarter of the Supreme Court? 【P1】______ was discovered as early as 1524? 【P2】______ has served as the capital of the country? 【P3】______ is now the largest industrial city in the country? 【P4】______ leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts? 【P5】______ is the largest city? 【P6】______ is the second largest city in population in U. S. A. ? 【P7】______ has become one of the world’ s busiest ports? 【P8】______ covers an area of over 69 square miles? 【P9】______ is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the mid-west area? 【P10】______ A Washington D. C. Washington, the capital of the United States, is in Washington D. C. and is situated on the Potomac River between the two states of Maryland and Virginia. The population of the city is about 800, 000 and it covers an area of over 69 square miles(including 8 square miles of water surface). The section was named the District of Columbia after Christopher Columbus, who discovered the continent. The city itself was named Washington after George Washington, the first president of U. S. A. The building of the city was accomplished in 1800 and since that year, it has served as the capital of the country. Thomas Jefferson was the first president inaugurated there. In the War of 1812, the Britain army seized the city, burning the White House and many other buildings. Washington is the headquarters of all the branches of the American federal system; Congress, the Supreme Court and the Presidency. Apart from the government buildings, there are also some other places of interest such as the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Literary of the Congress and Mt. Vernon, home of George Washington. B New York City New York City, located in New York State, is the largest city and the chief port of the United States. The city of New York has a population of over 7 million(1970)and Metropolitan, 12 million. The city with its good harbor was discovered as early as 1524, and it was established by Dutch who named the city New Amsterdam. In 1664, the city was taken by the English and it got the name New York as it bears now. During the American Revolution in 1776, George Washington had his head-quarters for a time in New York City. The Declaration of Independence was first read there in July 4th, 1776. The city remained the nation’ s capital until 1790. New York became an important port early in the last century. A large portion of the national exports passed through New York Harbor. New York has become one of the world’ s busiest ports and also the financial, manufacturing , and travel center of the country. Some of the places of interest in the city are: the State of Liberty(152 meters high)which was given by the French people to the American people as a gift in 1877. It was erected on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor. Broadway, Wall Street and Fifth Avenue are a few of New York’ s most famous streets. Wall Street, where many famous banks are centered, is the financial center of America and has become a symbol of the American monopoly capitalism. Fifth Avenue is the street with famous stores and shops. Time Square is in the center of New York City, at Broadway and 42nd Street. Greenwich Village is an art center. Many American artists and writers have lived and worked there. The group of the third largest city buildings of the United Nations stands along the East River at the end of the 42nd Street. C Chicago Chicago, the second largest city in population in the United States, lies on the southwestern shore of the Lake Michigan at a point where the Chicago River enters the lake. The city is now the largest industrial city in the country. Both heavy and light industries are highly developed, particularly the former. Black metallurgical industry and meat processing are assumed to be the head in the U. S. . It is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the mid-west area. The working class in Chicago has a glorious revolutionary tradition. On May 1st, 1886, thousands upon thousands of workers in the city and the country went on strike for the eight-hour workday and succeeded. Since 1890, May 1 st has been observed every year as an International Labor Day. On March 8 th, 1909, women workers in Chicago held a big strike for freedom and equal rights with men and since 1910, March 8th has been celebrated each year as an International Working Women’ s Day. D Los Angeles Los Angeles is situated near the Pacific coast in California. It is an important center of shipping, industry and communication. The city was first founded by a Spanish explorer in 1542 and turned over to the US in 1846. The city leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts and the area has become an aviation center. California is a leading state in the production of electronic products and the area of Los Angeles has grown into an important electronic center. Since the first American movie was made in Los Angeles in 1908, the city has remained the film center of the United States. Hollywood, the base of the film industry in the city, is a world famous film producing center.

Which of the following statements is true?

The word “fib“ in the fourth sentence of Paragraph 5, probably means______.

What can be concluded according to the author’ s view of the “obesity genes“ ?

The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance holds that______.

The two Brooklynites in the first paragraph were______.