Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations, 【C1】______to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect educational achievement. The survey of 643 children and adults, ranking from pre-school to 40-plus, also suggests【C2】______ pen-holding techniques have deteriorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far【C3】______attention to correct pen grip and handwriting style. Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher【C4】______findings have been published, was inspired to investigate this area【C5】______ he noticed that those students who had the most trouble with spelling【C6】______ had a poor pen grip. While Mr. Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link【C7】______pen-holding style and accuracy in spelling, he【C8】______find huge differences in technique between the young children and the mature adults, and a definite【C9】______between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing. People who【C10】______their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics【C11】______ inhibit learning, 【C12】______as poor posture, leaning too【C13】______ to the desk, using four fingers to grip the pen【C14】______than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb(which can obscure【C15】______is being written). Mr. Thomas believes that the【C16】______between elder and younger writers is【C17】______too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow【C18】______. He attributes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between【C19】______ groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. “The 30-year-old showed a huge diversity of grips, 【C20】______the over 40s group all had a uniform ’ tripod’ grip. “

According to the speaker, what are convenience goods?In the field of marketing, consumer goods are classed according to the way in which they are purchased. The two main categories are convenience goods and shopping goods. Two lesser types are specialty goods and unsought goods. People do not spend much time shopping for convenience items such as groceries, newspapers, toothpaste, razor blades, aspirin, and candy. The buying of convenience goods may be done routinely, as some families buy groceries once a week. Such regularly purchased items are called staples. Sometimes convenience products are bought on impulse, for example, someone has a sudden desire for an ice cream sundae on a hot day. Or they may be purchased as emergency items. Shopping goods are items for which customers search. They compare prices, quality, and styles, and may visit a number of stores before making decisions. Buying an automobile is often done this way. Shopping goods fall into two classes: those that are perceived as basically the same and those that are regarded as different. Items that are looked upon as basically the same include such things as home appliances, television sets, and automobiles. Having decided on the model desired, the customer is primarily interested in getting the item at the most favorable price. Items regarded as inherently different include clothing, furniture, and dishes. Quality , style and fashion will either take precedence over price, or they will not matter at all. Specialty goods have characteristics that impel customers to make special efforts to find them. Price may be no consideration at all. Specialty goods can include almost any kind of product. Normally, specialty goods have a brand name or other distinguishing characteristics. Unsought goods are items a consumer does not necessarily want or need or may not even know about. Promotion or advertising brings such goods to the consumer’s attention. The product could be something new on the market or it may be a fairly standard service, such as life insurance, for which most people will usually not bother shopping. Commodities that people are in constant need of. Goods that are convenient to use or purchase. Items that people tend to buy under impulse. Items that have to be bought once a week.

Opinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to make ways of sharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further. We must ask some primary questions about the future of work. Would we continue to treat employment as the norm? Would we not rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work? The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could provide the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom. Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people’s homes. Later, as transportation improved, first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all connection with their home lives and the place in which they lived. Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In pre-industrial time, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes. It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded—a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives. All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs.

Throughout history there have been many unusual taxes levied on such things as hats, Beds, Baths, marriages, and funerals. At one time England levied a tax on sunlight by collection from every household with six or more windows. And according to legend, there was a Turkish ruler who collected a tax each time he dined with one of his subjects. Why? To pay for the wear and tear on his teeth! Different kinds of taxes help to spread the tax burden. Anyone who pays a tax is said to “bear the burden“of the tax. The burden of a tax may fall more heavily on some persons than on others. That is why the three levels of government in this country use several kinds of taxes. This spreads the burden of taxes among more people. From the standpoint of their use, the most important taxes are income taxes, property taxes, sales taxes, and estate, inheritance, and gift taxes. Some are used by only one level of government; others by two or even all three levels. Together these different taxes make up what is called our tax system. Income taxes are the main source of federal revenues. The federal government gets more than three-fourths of its revenue from income taxes. As its name indicated, an income tax is a tax on earnings. Both individuals and business corporations pay a federal income tax. The oldest tax in the United States today is the property tax. It provides most of the income for local governments. It provides at least a part of the income for all but a few states. It is not used by the federal government. A sales tax is a tax levied on purchases. Most people living in the United States know about sales taxes since they are used in all but four states. Actually there are several kinds of sales taxes, But only three of them are important. They are general sales taxes, excise taxes, and import taxes. Other three closely related taxes are estate, inheritance, and gift taxes. Everything a person owns, including both real and personal property, makes up his or her estate. When someone dies, ownership of his or her property or estate passes on to one or more individuals or organizations. Before the property is transferred, however, it is subject to an estate tax if its value exceeds a certain amount.

World leaders met recently at United Nations headquarters in New York City to discuss the environmental issues raised at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. The heads of state were supposed to decide what further steps should be taken to halt the decline of Earth’s life-support systems. In fact, this meeting had much the flavour of the original Earth Summit. To wit: empty promises, hollow rhetoric, Bickering between rich and poor, and irrelevant initiatives. Think U. S. Congress in slow motion. Almost obscured by this torpor is the fact that there has been some remarkable progress over the past five years—real changes in the attitude of ordinary people in the Third World toward family size and a dawning realisation that environmental degradation and their own well-being are intimately, and inversely, linked. Almost none of this, however, has anything to do with what the bureaucrats accomplished in Rio. Or it didn’t accomplish. One item on the agenda at Rio, for example, was a renewed effort to save tropical forests.(A previous UN-sponsored initiative had fallen apart when it became clear that it actually hastened deforestation.)After Rio, a UN working group came up with more than 100 recommendations that have so far gone nowhere. One proposed forestry pact would do little more than immunizing wood-exporting nations against trade sanctions. An effort to draft an agreement on what to do about the climate changes caused by CO₂ and other greenhouse gases has fared even worse. Blocked by the Bush Administration from setting mandatory limits, the UN in 1992 called on nations to voluntarily reduce emissions to 1990 levels. Several years later, it’s as if Rio had never happened. A new climate treaty is scheduled to be signed this December in Kyoto, Japan, But governments still cannot agree on these limits. Meanwhile, the U. S. produces 7% more CO₂ than it did in 1990, and emissions in the developing world have risen even more sharply. No one would confuse the “Rio process“ with progress. While governments have dithered at a pace that could make drifting continents impatient, people have acted. Birth-rates are dropping faster than expected, not because of Rio but because poor people are deciding on their own to reduce family size. Another positive development has been a growing environmental consciousness among the poor. From slum dwellers in Karachi, Pakistan, to colonists in Rondonia, Brazil, urban poor and rural peasants a-like seem to realize that they pay the biggest price for pollution and deforestation. There is cause for hope as well in the growing recognition among business people that it is not in their long-term interest to fight environmental reforms. John Browne, chief executive of British Petroleum, Boldly asserted in a major speech in May that the threat of climate change could no longer be ignored.

A = Washington D. C. B = New York City C = Chicago D = Los Angeles Which city... is the headquarter of the Supreme Court? 【P1】______ was discovered as early as 1524? 【P2】______ has served as the capital of the country? 【P3】______ is now the largest industrial city in the country? 【P4】______ leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts? 【P5】______ is the largest city? 【P6】______ is the second largest city in population in U. S. A. ? 【P7】______ has become one of the world’ s busiest ports? 【P8】______ covers an area of over 69 square miles? 【P9】______ is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the mid-west area? 【P10】______ A Washington D. C. Washington, the capital of the United States, is in Washington D. C. and is situated on the Potomac River between the two states of Maryland and Virginia. The population of the city is about 800, 000 and it covers an area of over 69 square miles(including 8 square miles of water surface). The section was named the District of Columbia after Christopher Columbus, who discovered the continent. The city itself was named Washington after George Washington, the first president of U. S. A. The building of the city was accomplished in 1800 and since that year, it has served as the capital of the country. Thomas Jefferson was the first president inaugurated there. In the War of 1812, the Britain army seized the city, burning the White House and many other buildings. Washington is the headquarters of all the branches of the American federal system; Congress, the Supreme Court and the Presidency. Apart from the government buildings, there are also some other places of interest such as the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Literary of the Congress and Mt. Vernon, home of George Washington. B New York City New York City, located in New York State, is the largest city and the chief port of the United States. The city of New York has a population of over 7 million(1970)and Metropolitan, 12 million. The city with its good harbor was discovered as early as 1524, and it was established by Dutch who named the city New Amsterdam. In 1664, the city was taken by the English and it got the name New York as it bears now. During the American Revolution in 1776, George Washington had his head-quarters for a time in New York City. The Declaration of Independence was first read there in July 4th, 1776. The city remained the nation’ s capital until 1790. New York became an important port early in the last century. A large portion of the national exports passed through New York Harbor. New York has become one of the world’ s busiest ports and also the financial, manufacturing , and travel center of the country. Some of the places of interest in the city are: the State of Liberty(152 meters high)which was given by the French people to the American people as a gift in 1877. It was erected on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor. Broadway, Wall Street and Fifth Avenue are a few of New York’ s most famous streets. Wall Street, where many famous banks are centered, is the financial center of America and has become a symbol of the American monopoly capitalism. Fifth Avenue is the street with famous stores and shops. Time Square is in the center of New York City, at Broadway and 42nd Street. Greenwich Village is an art center. Many American artists and writers have lived and worked there. The group of the third largest city buildings of the United Nations stands along the East River at the end of the 42nd Street. C Chicago Chicago, the second largest city in population in the United States, lies on the southwestern shore of the Lake Michigan at a point where the Chicago River enters the lake. The city is now the largest industrial city in the country. Both heavy and light industries are highly developed, particularly the former. Black metallurgical industry and meat processing are assumed to be the head in the U. S. . It is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the mid-west area. The working class in Chicago has a glorious revolutionary tradition. On May 1st, 1886, thousands upon thousands of workers in the city and the country went on strike for the eight-hour workday and succeeded. Since 1890, May 1 st has been observed every year as an International Labor Day. On March 8 th, 1909, women workers in Chicago held a big strike for freedom and equal rights with men and since 1910, March 8th has been celebrated each year as an International Working Women’ s Day. D Los Angeles Los Angeles is situated near the Pacific coast in California. It is an important center of shipping, industry and communication. The city was first founded by a Spanish explorer in 1542 and turned over to the US in 1846. The city leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts and the area has become an aviation center. California is a leading state in the production of electronic products and the area of Los Angeles has grown into an important electronic center. Since the first American movie was made in Los Angeles in 1908, the city has remained the film center of the United States. Hollywood, the base of the film industry in the city, is a world famous film producing center.

You will read a question which says, “Which is a better source of news—newspaper or TV?“ Write an article for the newspaper to clarify your own points of view towards this issue. You should use your own ideas, Knowledge or experience to generate support for your argument, including an example.

Water is a kind of chemical substance.Every year there are reports of people dying as the result of extremely hot weather. Many of the victims are old persons, whose hearts or breathing systems decline. But many die from lack of water. Water is necessary for life and good health. We often forget this fact when we think about the other building blocks of life such as vitamins, minerals and proteins. We can live for many days without eating, but two or three days without water usually leads to death. The human body may look solid, but most of it is water. New born babies are as much as 85% water. Women are about 65% water and men a-bout75%. Women usually have less water than men because women, in general, have more fat cells, and fat cells hold less water than other kinds of cells. Water does many different things to keep us healthy. It carries hormones , antibodies and foods through the body, and carries away waste materials. That is why different parts of the body contain different amounts of water. For example, blood is 83% water, muscles are 75% water, the brain is 74% , and bones are 25% . Water is also necessary for cooling the body under hot weather and when we are working hard or exercising, water carries body heat to the surface of the skin, where the heat is lost through perspiration. Researchers say cool liquids cool us faster than warm liquids, because cold liquids take up more heat inside the body and carry it away faster. They say, however, that cold sweet drinks do not work well because the sugar slows the liquid from getting into the blood-stream. Researchers also note that fat cells block body heat from escaping quickly. Fat cells under the skin act like warm clothing to keep body heat inside. This is why overweight people have a more easy time staying cool than thin people. The body loses water every day through perspiration and urine. If we lose too much, we will become sick. A 10% drop in body water can cause the blood system to fail. A 15% -20% drop usually leads to death. To replace what is lost, health experts say growing persons should drink about 2 liters of liquids each day, and more in hot weather. They say we can also get some of the water we need in the foods we eat. Most fruits and vegetables are more than 80% water. Meats are 50% -60% water. And even bread is about 33% water. Water may be one of the most simple of all chemical substances, but it is the most important substance that we put into our bodies. TRUE FALSE

What does the man do?W: Do you enjoy your work? Do you enjoy meeting people? M: Yes. Sometimes. I’ve got to be honest. Sometimes. W: So, some people you like and some you don’t? M: Yeah, it’s like a lot of things, meeting the general public. You get good days, and you get bad days. But I do enjoy the job. I like the freedom of the job, being self-employed. W: Do you ever get difficult passengers? M: Yes, sometimes. W: What sort of things do they get up to? M: I would say sometimes a lot of difficult passengers are people who don’t go in cabs a lot and they’re unfamiliar with procedures, especially if you work nights. People drinking or the extras that would be included on the tariff after a certain time of night. W: You mean they argue with you over money? M: Yes, that can happen. Or the way... the good thing is , people can argue about the way that you go on a certain route because they always know better. But nine times out of ten the route that they take you on is far longer so, you know, they’re the eventual losers. W: So if you do have a difficult passenger you want to get rid of, what do you do? M: I’d stop the cab and tell them to get out. W: Does that often happen? M: Mmm, it’s happened to me three times. And they’ve got out. So I, I myself haven’t had a lot of problems with difficult people, you know. W: When you pick up tourists as passengers, what kind of places do they like to go to? M: I suppose the most famous landmark is Buckingham Palace, the Tower of London, maybe Harrods;but certainly Buckingham Palace. A taxi-driver. A bus driver. A policeman. A tourist guide.

What is your responsibility when you, as a school principal, get the teacher’s report?Imagine you are a high school principal. A teacher bursts breathlessly into your office. “There’s a fist fight in the dining-room, “she gasps. The responsibility is yours to stop the fight. How do you meet it?(1)Perhaps you, as a youngster, took part in fights and your present-day ties with students are warm and strong. You can stop the fight because your prestige is high among them.(2)You have a plan prepared. Other schools have been disrupted so you have already planned a way to stop any fight.(3)You are totally confident of your ability in a crisis. You are ready to stride into the lunchroom and take charge without a single qualm. Stopping the fight will be easy.(4)You fervently wish that you could delegate the job since you know that you’re not a talented peacemaker. You wish you could return to the job of planning for the school’s need ten years hence. One of these four reactions would be the first you’d feel, but only one— not two or three of them, say three psychologists. These psychologists—Dr. Harriet Mann, Dr. Humphrey Osmond and Miriam Siegler—have come up with a scheme for sorting people regardless of their education, age or situation. The concept is based on the premise that all people have a basic way of seeing time. Each of us is predisposed to see all events from time vantage point. Either it reminds you of the past(past-oriented), how the event fits into today, yesterday, and tomorrow(time line), what it is today(present), or how it will develop(future). The three began working in 1968 when Dr. Mann and Mrs. Siegler were assistants to Dr. Osmond, director, at the Bureau of Research, New Jersey Neuro-Psychiatric Institute in Princeton. Dr. Osmond is currently devising ways to make empirical studies of the theory and Dr. Mann is in Gam-bridge, Massachusetts, writing a book on the Worlds of Time. Their takeoff point was an interest in observations made by Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung, who described in the 1920s the temperamental differences of four psychological types. Jung is known as the founder of analytic psychology. Since Jung’s work in 1921, however, no one had conceived of a theoretical framework that would account for the four types. Without such a framework, there was no possibility of substantiating that people of different types experience the world very differently. Time and space are the touchstones in the system. Each person, after all, uses his time somehow and exists within and acts upon the space around him. Dr. Mann, and company propose that certain traits are shared by persons falling in each of the four categories. The first type, the past type, sees time as being circular. For him, the past crops up in the present and then returns to the past as a memory. He enjoys collecting souvenirs and keeping diaries. He tells stories about Great Aunt Hattie and always remembers your birthday. Past types are pegged by this system as emotional people who see the world in a highly subjective way. For instance, School Principal I(past type)could identify with the fight and know how to handle it because of some past experience—whether it be similar fights as a child himself or ones previously dealt with as the school principal. In addition, past types usually follow strict moral codes and often are valued more for what they are than for what they do. This quality itself—because it lends authoritarian strength to one who possesses it—might cause the students to quit fighting. Past types often have been found to be skillful at assessing the exact emotional tenor of an event and are adept at influencing others’ emotions, according to the Mann group. Research reveals that many past-oriented people are flexible in early years when they do not have much of a personal past to draw upon. However , the dash of youth is often replaced by a need for stability and usually is rooted by age thirty-five or so. From this age onward, they are conservatives. “They need to see things in the ways which were popular, fashionable and appropriate in their youth days, “explains Dr. Mann. This applies, with exceptions of course, to personal taste in clothing fashions, music appreciation, and other social and environmental factors. In short, the past type often clings to the well-established way with nostalgic fervor. Also, the past type finds it difficult to be punctual since the on-going feeling is more important than his next task. The goal of these people is to “ develop a language of the heart, rather than of the mind. To develop those techniques which make memories live, and to dignify any act of remembrance;those are the essential concerns of past-oriented types, “explain the authors in Journal of Analytical Psychology.

Does the publisher of Douglas Starr’s excellent Blood—An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce actually expect to sell many copies? Whoever chose the title is certain to scare off the squeamish, and the subtitle, which makes the effort sound like a dry, dense survey text, has really done this book a disservice. In fact, the brave and curious will enjoy a brightly written, intriguing, and disquieting book, with some important lessons for public health. 【R1】______ The book begins with a historical view on centuries of lore about blood—in particular, the belief that blood carried the evil humors of disease and required occasional draining. As recently as the Revolutionary War, Bloodletting was widely applied to treat fevers. The idea of using one person’s blood to heal another is only about 75 years old— although rogue scientists had experimented with transfusing animal blood at least as early as the 1600s. The first transfusion experiments involved stitching a donor’s vein(in early cases the physician’s)to a patient’s vein. 【R2】______ Sabotaged by notions about the“purity“of their groups’ blood, Japan and Germany lagged well behind the Allies in transfusion science. Once they realized they were losing injured troops the Allies had learned to save, they tried to catch up, conducting horrible and unproductive experiments such as draining blood from POWs and injecting them with horse blood or polymers. 【R3】______ During the early to mid-1980s, Starr says, 10, 000 American hemophiliacs and 12, 000 others contracted HIV from transfusions and receipt of blood products. Blood banks both here and abroad moved slowly to acknowledge the threat of the virus and in some cases even acted with criminal negligence, allowing the distribution of blood they knew was tainted. This is not new material. But Starr’s insights add a dimension to a story first explored in the late Randy Shilts’s And the Bond Played On. 【R4】______ Is the blood supply safe now? Screening procedures and technology have gotten much more advanced. Yet it’s disturbing to read Starr’s contention that a person receiving multiple transfusions today has about a 1 in 90, 000 chance of contracting HIV—far higher than the“one in a million“ figure that blood bankers once blithely and falsely quoted. Moreover, new pathogens threaten to emerge and spread through the increasingly high-speed, global blood-product network faster than science can stop them. This prompts Starr to argue that today’s blood stores are“ simultaneously safer and more threatening “than when distribution was less sophisticated. 【R5】______ A. The massive wartime blood drives laid the groundwork for modern blood-banking, which has saved countless lives. Unfortunately, these developments also set the stage for a great modern tragedy—the spread of AIDS through the international blood supply. B. There is so much drama, power, resonance, and important information in this book that it would be a shame if the squeamish were scared off. Perhaps the key lesson is this: The public health must always be guarded against the pressures and pitfalls of competitive markets and human fallibility. C. In his chronicle of a resource, Starr covers an enormous amount of ground. He gives us an account of mankind’s attitudes over a 400-year period towards this “precious, mysterious, and hazardous material“ ; of medicine’s efforts to understand, control, and develop blood’s life-saving properties;and of the multibillion-dollar industry that benefits from it. He describes disparate institutions that use blood, from the military and the pharmaceutical industry to blood banks. The culmination is a rich examination of how something as horrifying as distributing blood tainted with the HIV virus could have occurred. D. The book’s most interesting section considers the huge strides transfusion science took during World War II. Medicine benefited significantly from the initiative to collect and supply blood to the Allied troops and from new trauma procedures developed to administer it. It was then that scientists learned to separate blood into useful elements, such as freeze-dried plasma and clotting factors, paving the way for both battlefield miracles and dramatic improvement in the lives of hemophiliacs. E. Starr’s tale ends with a warning about the safety of today’s blood supply. F. Starr obtained memos and other evidence used in Japanese, French, and Canadian criminal trials over the tainted-blood distribution.(American blood banks enjoyed legal protections that made U. S. trials more complex and provided less closure for those harmed.)His account of the French situation is particularly poignant. Starr explains that in postwar France, donating blood was viewed as a sacred and patriotic act. Prison populations were urged to give blood as a way to connect more with society. Unfortunately, the French came to believe that such benevolence somehow offered a magical protection to the blood itself and that it would be unseemly to question volunteer donors about their medical history or sexual or drug practices. Combined with other factors, including greed and hubris, this led to tragedy. Some blood banks were collecting blood from high-risk groups as late as 1990, well into the crisis. And France, along with Canada, Japan, and even Britain, stalled approval and distribution of safer, American heat-treated plasma products when they became available, in part because they were giving their domestic companies time to catch up with scientific advances.

What is this passage mainly about?The human nose has given to the languages of the world many interesting expressions. Of course, this is not surprising. Without the nose, we could not breathe nor smell. It is a part of the face that gives a person special character. Cyrano de Bergerac said that a large nose showed a great man courageous, courteous, manly, and intellectual. A famous woman poet wished that she had two noses to smell a rose! Blaise Pascal, a French philosopher, made an interesting comment about Cleopatra’s nose. If it had been shorter, he said, it would have changed the whole face of the world! Historically, man’s nose has had a principal role in his imagination. Man has referred to the nose in many ways to express his emotions. Expressions concerning the nose refer to human weakness;anger, pride, jealousy and revenge. In English there are a number of phrases about the nose. For example, to hold up one’s nose expresses a basic human feeling—pride. People can hold up their noses at people, things, and places. The phrase, to be led around by the nose, shows man’s weakness. A person who is led around by the nose lets other people control him. On the other hand, a person who follows his nose lets his instinct guide him. For the human emotion of rejection, the phrase to have one’s nose put out of joint is very descriptive. The expression applies to persons who have been turned aside because of a rival. Their pride is hurt and they feel rejected. This expression is not new. It was used by Erasmus in 1542. This is only a sampling of expressions in English dealing with the nose. There are a number of others. However, it should be as plain as the nose on your face that the nose is more than an organ for breathing and smelling! The human nose as an organ for breathing and smelling. The nose providing us with various expressions. A woman poet’s wish to have two noses. Interesting comments made on Cleopatra’s nose.

Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations, 【C1】______to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect educational achievement. The survey of 643 children and adults, ranking from pre-school to 40-plus, also suggests【C2】______ pen-holding techniques have deteriorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far【C3】______attention to correct pen grip and handwriting style. Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher【C4】______findings have been published, was inspired to investigate this area【C5】______ he noticed that those students who had the most trouble with spelling【C6】______ had a poor pen grip. While Mr. Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link【C7】______pen-holding style and accuracy in spelling, he【C8】______find huge differences in technique between the young children and the mature adults, and a definite【C9】______between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing. People who【C10】______their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics【C11】______ inhibit learning, 【C12】______as poor posture, leaning too【C13】______ to the desk, using four fingers to grip the pen【C14】______than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb(which can obscure【C15】______is being written). Mr. Thomas believes that the【C16】______between elder and younger writers is【C17】______too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow【C18】______. He attributes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between【C19】______ groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. “The 30-year-old showed a huge diversity of grips, 【C20】______the over 40s group all had a uniform ’ tripod’ grip. “