On Sleep Baekeland and Hartmann report that the “short sleepers“ had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens.But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities.These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines. In general, these “ short sleepers“ appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, conformist (不动摇) in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices.They often held several jobs at once, or workers full or part-time while going to school.And many of them had a strong urge to appear “normal“ or “acceptable“ to their friends and associates. When asked to recall their dreams, the “short sleepers“ did poorly.More than this, they seemed to prefer not remembering.In similar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away. The sleep patterns of the “short sleepers“ were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many mental patients categorized as manic (疯人) . The “long sleepers“ were quite different indeed.Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps since childhood.They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally deprived of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the “short sleepers.“ Many of the “long sleepers“ were shy, anxious, introverted (内向) , inhibited (压抑) , passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves (particularly in social situations).Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems.

We all think that the new device he has proposed is ingenious. effective clever implausible original

We should give our guests some art crafts authentically Chinese so that they could better understand Chinese culture. genuinely elegantly intentionally thoroughly

This poem depicts the beautiful scenery of a town in the South. praises writes imitates describes

To Have and Have Not It had been boring hanging about the hotel all afternoon.The road crew were playing a game with dollar notes.Folding them into small planes to see whose would fly the furthest.Having nothing better to do, I joined in and won five,and then took the opportunity to escape with my profit.Despite the evil-looking clouds, I had to get out for a while. I headed for a shop on the other side of the street.Unlike the others, it didn’t have a sign shouting its name and business, and instead of the usual impersonal modern lighting, there was an appealing glow inside.Strangely nothing was displayed in the window.Not put off by this, I went inside. It took my breath away.I didn’t know where to look, where to start.On one wall there hung three hand-stitched American quilts that were in such wonderful condition they might have been newly-made.I came across tin toys and antique furniture, and on the wall in front of me, a 1957 stratocaster guitar, also in excellent condition.A card pushed between the strings said $ 50.I ran my hand along a long shelf of records, reading their titles.And there was more… “Can I help you?“ She startled me.I hadn’t even seen the woman behind the counter come in.The way she looked at me,so directly and with such power.It was a look of such intensity that for a moment I felt as if I were wrapped in some kind of magnetic or electrical field.I found it hard to take and almost turned away.But though it was uncomfortable.I was fascinated by the experience of her looking straight into me, and by the feeling that I was neither a stranger, nor strange, to her. Besides amusement her expression showed sympathy.It was impossible to tell her age.She reminded me faintly of my grandmother because, although her eyes were friendly.I could see that she was not a woman to fall out with.I spoke at last.“I was just looking really“ , I said, though secretly wondering how much of the stuff I could cram into the bus. The woman turned away and went at once towards a back room, indicating that I should follow her.But it in no way lived up to the first room.The light made me feel peculiar, too.It came from an oil lamp that was hung from the centre of the ceiling and created huge shadows over everything.There were no rare electric guitars, no old necklaces, no hand-painted boxes with delicate flowers.It was also obvious that it must have taken years, decades, to collect so much rubbish, so many old documents arid papers. I noticed some old books, whose gold lettering had faded, making their tides impossible to read, “they look interesting“ , I said,with some hesitation.“To be able to understand that kind of writing you must first have had a similar experience“ ,she said clearly.She noted the confused look on my face, but didn’t add anything. She reached up for a small book which she handed to me.“This is the best book I can give you at the moment“ , she laughed.“If you use it.“I opened the book to find it full, or rather empty, with blank white pages, but paid her the few dollars she asked for it, becoming embarrassed when I realised the notes were still folded into little paper planes.I put the book in my pocket, thanked her and left.

His words activated my spirit. curbed dampened confused stimulated

The number of the United States citizens who are eligible to vote continues to increase. encouraged enforced expected entitled

Her sister urged her to apply for the job advised caused forced promised

We had to turn to dried milk as fresh milk wasn’t available. add up to face up to fall back on carry on with

Although Peter is only 25 years old,he earns a large income. respectful respectable respective respected

Last week, I called on my teacher. telephoned rang visited saw

Can you find out the flaw in their research papers? argument failure feature defect

The First Settlement in North America It is very difficult to say that when colonization began.The first hundred years after Christopher Columbus’s journey of discovery in 1492 did not produce any settlement on the North American continent but rather some Spanish trading posts further south, a great interest in gold and adventure, and some colorful crimes in which the English had their part.John Cabot, originally from Genoa but a citizen of Venice, was established as a trader in Bristol, England, when he made a journey in 1497.But his ship, the Matthew, with its crew of eighteen, did no more than see an island (probably off the New England coast) and return home.He and his son made further voyages across the north Atlantic, which enabled the English Crown to claim a “legal“ title to North America.But for a long time afterwards the Europeans’ interest in America was mainly confined to the Spanish activities further south. The first beginning of permanent settlement in North America was nearly a hundred years after Columbus’s first voyage.The Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh claimed the whole of North America for England, calling it Virginia.In 1585 he sent a small group of people who landed in Roanoke Island, but they stayed only for a year and then went back to England with another expedition, led by Drake, in 1587.A second group who landed in 1587 had all disappeared when a further expedition arrived in 1590. The first permanent settlement in North America was in 1607.English capitalists founded two Virginia companies, a southern one based in London and a northern one based in Bristol.It was decided to give the name New England to the northern area.The first settlers in Virginia were little more than wage slaves to the company.All were men and the experiment was not very successful.Many died.Those who survived lived in miserable conditions.By 1619 the colony had only a thousand people.

Keeping Cut Flowers (鲜切花) 1.While everybody enjoys fresh cut flowers around his/her house, few people know how to keep them for as long as possible.This may be done by keeping in mind a few simple facts. 2.An important thing to remember about cut flowers is that they are sensitive to temperature.For example, studies have shown that cut carnations (康乃馨) retain their freshness eight times longer when kept at 12°C! than when kept at 26°C.Keeping freshly harvested flowers at the right temperatures is probably the most important aspect of flower care. 3.Flowers are not intended by nature to live very long.Their biological purpose is simply to attract birds or insects, such as bees, for pollination (授粉) .After that, they quickly dry up and die.The process by which flowers consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide (二氧化碳), called respiration (呼吸) , generates the energy the flower needs to give the flower its shape and color.The making of seeds also depends on this energy.While all living things respire, flowers have a high level of respiration.A result of all this respiration is heat, and for flowers the level of heat relative to the mass of the flower is very high.Respiration also brings about the eventual death of the flower.Thus the greater the level of respiration, the sooner the flower dies. 4.How, then, to control the rate at which flowers die? By controlling respiration.How is respiration controlled?By controlling temperature.We know that respiration produces heat, but the re-verse(相反的过程)is also true.Thus by maintaining low temperatures, respiration is reduced and the cut flower will age more slowly. 5.Another vital factor in keeping cut flowers is the quality of the water in which they are placed.Flowers find it difficult to “drink“ water that is dirty or otherwise polluted.Even when water looks and smells clean, it almost certainly contains harmful substances that can endanger the flowers.To rid the water of these unwanted substances, household chlorine bleach (漂白剂) can be used in small quantities.It is recommended that 15 drops of chlorine bleach (at 4% solution) be added to each litre of water.The water and solution should also be replaced each day. A.Control of Respiration B.Beauty of Fresh Cut Flowers C.Role of Respiration D.Most Important Aspect of Flower Care E.Need for Clean Water F.Ways of Stopping Respiration

Good Table Manners Manners play an important part in making a favorable impression at the dinner table.Here are some general rules; Napkin (餐巾)use The meal begins when the host unfolds his or her napkin.This is your signal to do the same, so place your napkin on your lap.Unfold it completely if it is a small napkin,or in half,lengthwise (纵向的) , if it is a large dinner napkin. If you need to leave the table during the meal, place your napkin on your chair as a signal to your server that you will be returning.Once the meal is over,place your napkin neatly on the table to the right of your dinner plate.Do not refold it. Use a napkin only for your mouth.Never use it for your nose,face or forehead. Use of utensils (餐具) Start with the knife, fork or spoon furthest from your plate, and work your way in, using one utensil for each course. If soup is served, remember to spoon away from yourself.This helps stop the drips.Do not put the entire soup spoon in your mouth.Instead,fill a soup spoon about 75 per cent with soup,and sip(啜饮)it from the side noiselessly. After finishing dinner,place the knife and fork parallel to one another across the plate with the knife blade facing inward toward the plate. Using your fingers Here’s a list of finger foods: sandwiches, cookies, small fruits or berries with stems, French fries and potato chips,and hamburgers. Chew(咀嚼) with your mouth closed and don’t make noise;don’t talk with your mouth full. Bread must be broken with your hands.It is never cut with a knife. Don’t pick something out of your teeth.Instead, excuse yourself to the bathroom. If possible,try not to cough at the table. Do not put your elbows(肘)on the table.In France,it is essential to have both hands above the table at the same time. Do not put bones or anything else on the table.Things that are not eaten should be put on your plate.

Stars in Their Eyes The Scientific American Book of the Cosmos edited by David Levy, Macmillan, ￡20, ISBN 0333782933 Previous generations of scientists would have killed to know what we know.For the first time in history, we have a pretty good idea of the material content of the Universe, our position within it and how the whole thing came into being. In these times of exploding knowledge there is a definite need to take stock and assemble what we know in a palatable (受欢迎的) form.【B1】______ The essays in The Scientific American Book of the Cosmos have been selected by David Levy, co-discoverer of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, which in 1994 struck Jupiter with the violence of several full-scale nuclear wars.【B2】______This is certainly a great collection of essays, but it is not, as the book promises, a seamless (完美的，无缝隙的) synthesis of our current knowledge. Nobody can fault the range of articles Levy has included.There are essays on the planets, moons and assorted debris (碎片) in the Solar System, and on our Galaxy, the Milky Way.【B3】______ The contributors, too, are stars in their own fields.Not many books can boast chapters written by such giants as Erwin Schrodinger and Francis Crick.My personal favorites are a piercingly clear essay by Albert Einstein on general relativity and an article by Alan Guth and Paul Stein-hardt on the inflationary (膨胀的) Universe. So much for the book’s content.But Levy has not succeeded in providing an accurate synthesis of our current knowledge of the cosmos, which the book jacket promises. Gathering together previously published articles inevitably leaves subject gaps, missing explanations and so on.【B4】______But there isn’t one. In fact, surprisingly for a book so densely packed with information, there is no index. Collecting essays in this way is clearly a good publishing wheeze (巧妙的主意). But this approach shortchanges the public, who would be better served by an account moulded into a seamless whole.【B5】______However, for the next edition, please, please can we have an index? A.Tegmark fears he may hold the record for the longest time taken to read one book. B.In a more positive vein, this is a wonderful collection of essays to dip in and out of if you already have a good overview (概述) of current cosmic understanding. C.Levy is an active astronomer and an accomplished writer, so you’d expect him to provide a broad and accurate picture of our current understanding of the cosmos. D.Scientific American has attempted to cater to this need by bringing together essays that have appeared in the magazine.E.To some extent, these could have been plugged with a glossary (词表) of terms.F.Also included are contributions on the world of subatomic particles, the origin of life on the Earth and the possibility of its existence elsewhere.

School Lunch Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat【C1】______in the middle of the day.In Britain schools have to【C2】______meals at lunchtime. Children can【C3】______to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen. One shocking finding of this research is that school meals are much【C4】______than lunches prepared by parents.There are strict【C5】______for the preparation of school meals,which have to include one【C6】______of fruit and one of vegetables, as well as meat, a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta. Lunchboxes【C7】______by researchers contained sweet drinks, crisps and chocolate bars. Children【C8】______twice as much sugar as they should at lunchtime. The research will【C9】______a better understanding of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has【C10】______in the last decade. Unfortunately, the government cannot【C11】______parents, but it can remind them of the【C12】______value of milk, fruit and vegetables. Small changes in their children’s diet can【C13】______their future health. Children can easily develop bad eating【C14】______at this age, and parents are the only ones who can【C15】______it.

The manager got angry because his secretary was ten minutes late. was in a bad mood lost his temper changed his mind have a passion

I had neither time nor inclination to hear about the afflicted cow. energy patience dullness interest

Success often depends on temperament. education aristocracy disposition experience

According to the report,______.

Many “ short sleepers“ are likely to hold the view that______.

It is stated in the third paragraph that short sleepers______.

When sometimes long sleepers cannot enjoy adequate sleep, they might______.

Which of the following statement is Not mentioned in the passage?