Universities usually give diplomas or certificates to students who complete course requirements adequately. responsibly sufficiently patiently successfully

The chemical is deadly to rats but safe to cattle. fatal hateful good useful

It’s impolite to cut in when two persons are holding a conversation. leave talk loudly stand up interrupt

The interview took place around the kitchen table and was very casual. formal informal regular irregular

His motive in coming was to find out the truth. reasons arguments targets stimuli

While we don’t agree,we continue to be friends. Because Where Although Whatever

Universities usually give diplomas or certificates to students who complete course requirements adequately. responsibly sufficiently patiently successfully

Communication with Customers Online Until the late 1940s, when television began finding its way into American homes,companies relied mainly on print and radio to promote their products and services.The advent (出现) of television brought about a revolution in promoting products and services.Between 1949 and 1951, advertising on television grew 960 percent.Today the Internet is once again transforming promotion.By going online, companies can communicate instantly and directly with prospective customers.Promotion on the World Wide Web includes advertising, sponsorships and sales promotions like contests and coupons.In 1996, World Wide Web advertising revenues reached $ 300 million. Effective online marketers do not merely transfer hard-copy ads (平面广告) to cyberspace.Successful sites blend promotional and non-promotional information, indirectly delivering the advertising messages.To encourage visits to their sites and to create and cultivate customers’ loyalty, companies change information frequently and provide many opportunities for interaction. One of the best online promotion web sites is the Ragu Web site.Here visitors can find thirty-six pasta recipes, take Italian lessons, and view an Italian film festival, but they will find no traditional ads.So subtle is the mix of product and promotion that visitors hardly know an advertising message has been delivered: SEGA of America, maker of computer games and hardware, uses its Web site for a variety of different promotions, such as introducing new game characters to the public and supplying Web surfers the opportunity to download games.SEGA’s home page averages 250,000 visits a day.To heighten interest in the site, SEGA bought an advertising banner on Netscape, thereby increasing site visits by 15 percent.Online participants in Quaker Oats’ Gato-rade promotion received a free T-shirt in exchange for answering a few questions.Quaker Oats reports that the online promotion created product loyalty and helped the company know its customers better. Now, to target specific Internet users, an increasing number of companies are using “push“ technology which automatically delivers customized (按客户要求创造的) news and other information to Users’ computers when they log onto the Internet.Although organizations like Nielsen Media Research are developing technologies to enhance audience measurement and tracking, it remains difficult to assess how many times the same person looks at an ad and who that person is.Although online promotions can be glamorous and sophisticated, they are not perfect.For a well-designed marketing mix, industry experts advise companies to use the Internet as a supplement to other advertising media.

The Family The structure of a family takes different forms around the world and even in the same society.The family’s form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences.Until recently, the most common form in North America was the nuclear family, consisting of a married couple with their minor children.The nuclear family is an independent unit.It must be prepared to fend for itself.Individual family members strongly depend on one another.There is little help from outside the family in emergencies.Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so.In North America, the elderly often do not live with the family; they live in retirement communities and nursing homes. There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies, such as North America,and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits,who live in harsh environments.The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility. In harsh conditions,mobility allows the family to hunt for food. For North Americans, the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility. The nuclear family was not always the North American standard.In a more agrarian time,the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family.This might have included grandparents, mother and father, brothers and sisters, uncles, aunts, and cousins.In North America today, there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households.Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced, separated, or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families.The structure of the family,not just in North America, but throughout the world, continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.

Some Things We Know About Language Many things about language are a mystery, and many will always remain so.But some things we do know. First, we know that all human beings have a language of some sort.There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language, no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another.Furthermore, in historical times, there has never been a race of men without a language. Second, there is no such thing as a primitive language.There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped, who are, as we say, uncivilized, but the languages they speak are not primitive.In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing. This has not always been well understood; indeed, the direct contrary has often been stated.Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate.Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises.Study has proved this to be nonsense.There are, or were, hundreds of American Indian languages, and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old.They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with, but they are no more primitive than English and Greek. A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate.That is, each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language. Finally, we know that language changes.It is natural and normal for language to change; the only languages which do not change are the dead ones.This is easy to understand if we look back-ward in time. Change goes on in all aspects of language. Grammatical features change as do speech sounds, and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly. Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.

Science and Technology There is a difference between science and technology.【B1】______Science has to do with discovering the facts and relationships between observable phenomena in nature and with establishing theories that serve to organize these facts and relationships; technology has to do with tools, techniques, and procedures for applying the findings of science.【B2】______ Progress in science excludes the human factor.Scientists, who seek to understand the universe and know the truth within the highest degree of accuracy and certainty, cannot pay attention to their own or other peoples likes or dislikes or to popular ideas about the fitness of things. 【B3】______But even an unpleasant truth is more than likely to be useful; besides, we have the choice of refusing to believe it But hardly so with technology; we do not have the choice of refusing to hear the sound produced by a supersonic (超音速的) aircraft flying overhead; we cannot refuse to breathe polluted air.【B4】______The purpose of technology is to serve people—people in general, not merely some people; and future generations, not merely those who presently wish to gain advantage for themselves. 【B5】______Many people blame technology itself for widespread pollution, resource depletion (枯竭) and even social decay in general—so much so that the promise of technology is “obscured“.That promise is a cleaner and healthier world.If wise applications of science and technology do not lead to a better world, what else will? A.Another distinction between science and technology has to do with the progress in each. B.Unlike science, progress in technology must be measured in terms of the human factor. C.What scientists discover may shock or anger people—as did Darwin’ s theory of evolution. D.Science and technology are different. E.We are all familiar with the improper use of technology. F.Science is a method of answering theoretical questions; technology is a method of solving practical problems.

Working Mothers Carefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems, compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal【C1】______is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not,there are a【C2】______of mothers who just have to work. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot【C3】______to see it lost.Then there are many who must work out of pure economic【C4】______. Many mothers are not【C5】______out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant,they feel trapped and isolated. There are a number of options when it【C6】______to choosing childcare. These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady【C7】______the street.In reality,【C8】______,many parents don’t have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! Nomatter【C9】______good the childcare may be,some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. This is a【C10】______normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months, but soon after that they start to get a crush on Mum and close family【C11】______. Make sure that in the first week you allow【C12】______time to help your child settle in. All children are different. Some are independent, while others are more【C13】______to their mothers. Remember that if you want to【C14】______the best for your children, it’s not the quantity of time you spend with them,it’s______the【C15】______that matters.

Some desirable changes have taken place in this town. identical uncertain frequent satisfactory

The price of vegetables varies according to the weather. jumps rises falls changes

He collapsed following a vigorous exercise session at his home. broke down fell down come down went down

Mary called me up very late last night. praised me visited me telephoned me waked me

A.the carelessness of the drivers B.increase in the number of cars stolen C.non-professional thieves D.lack of parking space E.safe parking spots F.professional thieves

The committee comprises five persons. absorbs concerns excludes involves

What were the consequences of the decision she had made? reasons results causes bases

The girl is gazing at herself in the mirror. staring laughing shouting smiling

The child’s abnormal behavior puzzled the doctor. funny frightening repeated unusual