Medical Journals Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals. In the past, these journals were available only in print. With the development of electronic publishing, many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet, and some journals publish only online. A few medical journals, like the Journal of the American Medical Association, are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine. Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine. Medical journals publish many types of articles. Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments. Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature. Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors, combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing, diagnosing or treating a particular disease. Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat at them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors, of ten regarding a research or review article published in the same issue. Editorials provide perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic. Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments, questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.

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Why is the Native Language Learnt So Well How does it happen that children learn their mother tongue so well? When we compare them with adults learning a foreign language, we often find this interesting fact. A little child without knowledge or experience often succeeds in a complete mastery of the language. A grown-up person with fully developed mental powers, in most case, may end up with a faulty and inexact command. What accounts for this difference? Despite other explanations, the real answer in my opinion lies partly in the child himself .partly in the behavior of the people around him. In the first place, the time of learning the mother tongue is the most favorable of all, namely, the first years of life. A child hears it spoken from morning till night and, what is more important, always in its genuine form, with the right pronunciation, right intonation, right use of words and right structure. He drinks in all the words and expressions, which come to him in a flash, ever-bubbling spring. There is no resistance:there is perfect assimilation. Then the child has, as it were, private lessons all the year round, while an adult language-student has each week a limited number of hours, which he generally shares with others. The child has another advantage;he hears the language in all possible situations, always accompanied by the right kind of gestures and facial expressions. Here there is nothing unnatural, such as is often found in language lessons in schools, when one talks about ice and snow in June or scorching heat in January. And what a child hears is generally what immediately interests him. Again and again, when his attempts at speech are successful, his desires are understood and fulfilled. Finally, though a child’s“ teachers “may not have been trained in language teaching, their relations with him are always close and personal. They take great pains to make their lessons easy.

A. by social and economic changes B. guided self-study and correspondence courses C. by studying together with children D. what they did not manage to learn earlier E. dates back to the eighteenth century F. mass production

Ludwig Van Beethoven Ludwig Van Beethoven, a major composer of the nineteenth century, overcame many personal problems to achieve artistic greatness. Born in Bonn, Germany, in 1770, he first studied music with the court organist, Gilles van der Ee-den. His father was excessively strict and given to heavy drinking.【B1】______Appointed deputycourt organist to Christian Gottlob Neefe at a surprisingly early age in 1782, Beethoven also played the harpsichord and the viola. In 1792 he was sent to Vienna by his patron, Count Ferdinand Waldstein.to study music under Haydn. Beethoven remained unmarried.【B2】______Continually plagued by ill health, he developed an ear infection which led to his tragic deafness in 1819. 【B3】______He completed mature masterpieces of great musical depth-three piano sonatas, four string quartets, the Missa Solemnis, and the 9th Symphony. He died in 1827.【B4】______ Noting that Beethoven often flew into fits of rage, Goethe once said of him, “l am astonished by his talent, but he is unfortunately an altogether untamed personality. “【B5】______ A. In spite of this handicap, however, he continued to write music. B. Because of irregular payments from his publishers and erratic support from his patrons, he was troubled by financial worries throughout his adult life. C. His life was marked by a passionate dedication to independence. D. When his mother died, Beethoven, then a young man, was named guardian of his two younger brothers. E. Although Beethoven’s personality may have been untamed, his music shows great discipline and control, and this is how we remember him best. F. Today his music is still being played all over the world.

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Adult Education 1. Voluntary learning in organized courses by mature men and women is called adult education. Such education is offered to make people able to enlarge and interpret their experience as adults. Adults may want to study something which they missed in earlier schooling, get new skills or job training, find out about new technological developments, seek better self-understanding, or develop new talents and skills. 2. This kind of education may be in the form of self-study with proper guidance through the use of libraries, correspondence courses, or broadcasting. It may also be acquired collectively in schools and colleges, study groups, workshops, clubs and professional associations. 3. Modern adult education for large numbers of people started in the 18th and 19th centuries with the rise of the Industrial Revolution. Great economic and social changes were taking place:people were moving from rural areas to cities;new types of work were being created in an expanding factory system. These and other factors produced a need for further education and re-education of adults. 4. The earliest programs of organized adult education arose in Great Britain in the 1790s, with the founding of an adult school in Nottingham and a mechanics institution in Glasgow. Benjamin Franklin and some friends found the earliest adult education institution in the U. S. in Philadelphia in 1727. 5. People recognize that continued learning is necessary for most forms of employment today. For example, parts of the adult population in many countries find it necessary to take part in retraining programs at work or even to learn completely new jobs. Adult education programs are springing up constantly to meet these and other needs. A. Necessity for developing adult education B. Early days of adult education C. Ways of receiving adult education D. Growth of adult education E. Institutions of adult education F. Definition of adult education

Medical Journals Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals. In the past, these journals were available only in print. With the development of electronic publishing, many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet, and some journals publish only online. A few medical journals, like the Journal of the American Medical Association, are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine. Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine. Medical journals publish many types of articles. Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments. Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature. Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors, combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing, diagnosing or treating a particular disease. Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat at them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors, of ten regarding a research or review article published in the same issue. Editorials provide perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic. Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments, questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.

New U. S. Plan for Disease Prevention Urging Americans to take responsibility for their health, Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson on Tuesday launched a$ 15 million program to try to encourage communities to do more to prevent chronic diseases like heart disease, cancer and diabetes. The initiative highlights the cost of chronic diseases—the leading causes of death in the United States------and outlines ways that people can prevent them, including better diet and increased exercise. “In the United States today, 7 of 10 deaths and the vast majority of serious illness, disability and health care costs are caused by chronic diseases, “the Health and Human Services Department said in a statement. The causes are often behavioral------smoking, poor eating habits and a lack of exercise. “I am convinced that preventing disease by promoting better health is a smart policy choice for our future, “Thompson told a conference held to launch the initiative. “Our current health care system is not structured to deal with the escalating costs of treating diseases that are largely preventable through changes in our lifestyle choices. “ Thompson said heart disease and strokes will cost the country more than $ 351 billion in 2003. “These leading causes of death for men and women are largely preventable, yet we as a nation are not taking the steps necessary for US to lead healthier, longer lives, “he said. The $ 15 million is slated to go to communities to promote prevention, pushing for changes as simple as building sidewalks to encourage people to walk more. Daily exercise such as walking can prevent and even reverse heart disease and diabetes, and prevent cancer and strokes. The money will also go to community organizations, clinics and nutritionists who are being encouraged to work together to educate people at risk of diabetes about what they can do to prevent it and encourage more cancer screening. The American Cancer Society estimates that half of all cancers can be caught by screening, including Pap tests for cervical cancer, mammograms for breast cancer, colonoscopies, and prostate checks. If such cancers were all caught by early screening, the group estimates that the survival rate for cancer would rise to 95 percent.

Lateral Thinking Lateral thinking(迂回思维), first described by Edward de Bono in 1967, is just a few years older than Edward’s son. You might imagine that Caspar was raised to be an adventurous thinker, but de Bono name was so famous, Casper’s parents worried that any time he would say something bright at school, his teachers might snap, “Where do you get that idea from?“ “We had to be careful and not overdo it, “ Edward admits. Now Casper is at Oxford — which once looked unlikely because he is also slightly dyslexic(诵读困难). In fact, when he was applying to Oxford, none of his school teachers thought he had a chance. “So then we did several thinking sessions, “ his father says, “using my techniques and, when he went up for the exam, he did extremely well. “ Soon after, Edward de Bono decided to write his latest book, “Teach Your Children How to Think“, in which he transforms the thinking skills he developed for brain—storming businessmen into informal exercises for parents and children to share. Thinking is traditionally regarded as something executed in a logical sequence, and everybody knows that children aren’t very logical. So isn’t it an uphill battle, trying to teach them to think? “You know, “ Edward de Bono says, “if you examine people’s thinking, it is quite unusual to find faults of logic. But the faults of perception are huge! Often we think ineffectively because we take too limited a view. “ “Teach Your Child How to Think“ offers lessons in perception improvement, of clearly seeing the implications of something you are saying and of exploring the alternatives.

One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live It’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia? If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves? 【C1】______reality, of course.it was naive to【C2】______that everyone would let 【C3】______of such a potent potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have【C4】______vials. 【C5】______the last “official“ stocks of live virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia,【C6】______ no obvious gain. Now American researchers have【C7】______an animal model of the human disease, opening the 【C8】______for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So once again there’s a good reason to【C9】______ the virus—just in【C10】______the disease puts in a reappearance. How do we【C11】______with the mistrust of the US and Russia?【C12】______Keep the virus 【C13】______international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn’t【C14】______the idea is wrong. If the virus【C15】______useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.

The main readers of medical journals are

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

How many major types of articles are mentioned in the passage?

An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called

Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on