Differences of Policemen Real policemen hardly recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see on TV. The first difference is that a policeman’s real life revolves round criminal law. He has to know exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be used to prove them in court. He has to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer, and what is more, he has to apply it on his feet, in the dark and rain, running down a street after someone he wants to talk to. Little of his time is spent in chatting, he will spend most of his working life typing mil- lions of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant people who are guilty of stupid, petty crimes. Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal: as soon as he’s arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorist attacks little effort is spent on searching. Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. He has to prove his case in court and to do that he often has to gather a lot of difference evidence. At third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant pressures: first, as members of a police force they always have to behave absolutely in accordance with the law; secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly ever do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways. If the detective has to deceive the world, the world often deceives him. Hardly anyone he meets tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple-mindedness—as he sees it—of citizens, social workers, doctors, law-makers, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. The result, detectives feel, is that nine tenths of their work is recatching people who should have stayed behind bars. This makes them rather cynical.

The Dial, edited by Margaret Fuller, was among the first influential magazines published in the United States. illustrated profitable imaginative important

The League of Women Voters is a nonpartisan organization that promotes informed active public participation in government. amateur organized educated dedicated

Anthropologists believe that in the sixteenth century a few thousand Inuits inhabited northern Canada. threatened fought over governed lived in

Democracy initially developed in Athens. elegantly in the beginning feebly first and last

The term “New Deal“ applies to the program of reform and recovery initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. spoiled inherited originated attacked

An Imaginary World Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion—a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, neither anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Society’s economic underpinnings would he destroyed: since earning $10 million would be more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them. In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object’s physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us—hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations coloured by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good“ and others are “bad“, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life—from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals when perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.

Differences of Policemen Real policemen hardly recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see on TV. The first difference is that a policeman’s real life revolves round criminal law. He has to know exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be used to prove them in court. He has to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer, and what is more, he has to apply it on his feet, in the dark and rain, running down a street after someone he wants to talk to. Little of his time is spent in chatting, he will spend most of his working life typing mil- lions of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant people who are guilty of stupid, petty crimes. Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal: as soon as he’s arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorist attacks little effort is spent on searching. Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. He has to prove his case in court and to do that he often has to gather a lot of difference evidence. At third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant pressures: first, as members of a police force they always have to behave absolutely in accordance with the law; secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly ever do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways. If the detective has to deceive the world, the world often deceives him. Hardly anyone he meets tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple-mindedness—as he sees it—of citizens, social workers, doctors, law-makers, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. The result, detectives feel, is that nine tenths of their work is recatching people who should have stayed behind bars. This makes them rather cynical.

Financial Risks Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk. (46) They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing. (47) Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. (48) The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling, the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost. Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses (49) Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk, so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in particular market. Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects. (50) International Business Machine Corportaion, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. Before rates were permitted to float, devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs. A．Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses. B．One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments. C．Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business. D．The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards. E．Floating exchange rates of the world’s major currencies have forced all marketers to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning. F．Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation.

Interests and Study Activities A narrowing of your work interests is implied in almost any transition from a study environment to managerial or professional work. In the humanities and social sciences you will at best reuse only a fraction of the material covered in three or four years’ study. In most career paths academic knowledge only (51) a background to much more applied decision-making. Even with a “training“ form of degree, (52) a few of the procedures or methods (53) in your studies are likely to be continuously relevant in your work. Partly this reflects the greater specialization of most work tasks compared (54) studying. Many graduates are not (55) with the variety involved in (56) from degree study in at least four or five subjects a year (57) very standardized job demands. Academic work values individual inventiveness, originality, and the cultivation of self-realization and self-development. Emphasis is placed (58) generating new ideas and knowledge, assembling (59) information to make a “rational“ decision, appreciating basic (60) and theories, and getting involved in fundamental controversies and debates. The humanistic values of higher (61) encourages the feeling of being engaged in a process with a self-developmental rhythm. (62) , even if your employers pursue enlightened personnel development (63) and invest heavily in “human capital“—for example, by rotating graduate trainees to (64) their work experiences—you are still likely to notice and feel (65) about some major restrictions of your interests and activities compared with a study environment.

The ice cream cone, the hamburger, and iced tea were all introduced at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition informally known as the St. Louis Fair. previously unofficially incorrectly occasionally

Financial consultants acknowledge that the value of common stock is inherently changeable. relatively intrinsically sporadically incrementally

Participation inintramural sports is required. within the school with outsiders overly strenuous extraordinary

How to Design Kitchen Well Over the years economic, social and technological factors have influenced the design of kitchens. Since it is often used simultaneously by both family members as well as guests, the kitchen requires not only a glamorous look but a practical one. Also, the design elements must meet the needs of the modern family. Environmental concerns have had an enormous impact on kitchen design. This concern includes recycling of household materials, as well as energy efficient appliances and the purity of both water and air. Research shows that up to 85 percent of the population is concerned about what might be in their drinking water. They are also often dissatisfied with the taste and odor of what comes out of their tap. This is why it’s important to consider adding a water filter system. The character of today’s kitchen is very different from the way it was thirty years ago. There’s more sophistication in food preparation, and more technological help with cooking and clean up. When choosing cabinets, first consider the style. Use the architectural style of your house as a guide. Because cabinets are a big investment, it is best to choose quality. Popular styles in kitchen cabinets are framed panel doors with raised or recessed panels of wood, cabinet fronts with glass panes, or simple slab doors in a rich painted or laminated finish. Cabinet pulls, handles and knobs are offered in a myriad of designs and finishes. Treat hardware as jewelry and don’t be afraid to mix and match styles. Because many of today’s kitchens consist of two or more cooks sharing in the meal preparation, there is a need for more counter space, cooktops and sinks. Although lifestyles are changing, the primary function of the kitchen as an area for preparing food has remained unchanged. The sink remains one of the most used areas in the kitchen as well as an important decorative statement. Appliance technology is moving at a very fast pace. Choosing what type of appliances as well as how many will depend on several factors such as how often and how much you cook and the size of your kitchen. Don’t limit yourself to one of each kind of appliance. You can have a refrigerator in one place and a freezer in a separate area or two sets of cooktops, one on the counter next to the wall oven and one on an island. You can even have two dishwashers if size and budget require and permit—think of it as saving time in the long run.

Weather Map A weather map is an important tool for geographers. A succession of three of four maps presents a continuous picture of weather changes. Weather forecasts are able to determine the speed of air masses and fronts; to determine whether an individual pressure area is deepening or becoming shallow and whether a front is increasing or decreasing in intensity. They are also able to determine whether an air mass is retaining its original characteristics or taking on those of the surface over which it is moving. Thus, a most significant function of the map is to reveal a synoptic picture of conditions in the atmosphere at a given time. All students of geography should be able to interpret a weather map accurately. Weather maps contain an enormous amount of information about weather conditions existing at the time of observation over a large geographical area. They reveal in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe. The United States weather Bureau issues information about approaching storms, floods, frosts, droughts, and all climatic conditions in general. Twice a month it issues a 30-day “outlook“ which is a rough guide to weather conditions likely to occur over broad areas of the United States. These 30-day outlo6ks are based upon an analysis of the upper air levels with often Set the stage for the development of air masses, fronts, and storms. Considerable effort is being exerted today to achieve more accurate weather predictions. With the use of electronic instruments and earth satellites, enormous gains have taken place recently in identifying and tracking storms over regions which have but few meteorological stations. Extensive experiments are also in progress for weather modification studies. But the limitations of weather modification have prevented meteorological results except in the seeding of super-cooled, upslope mountainous winds which have produced additional orographical precipitation on the windward side of mountain ranges. Nevertheless, they have provided a clearer understanding of the fundamentals of weather elements.

Asbestos is a mineral fiber that can cause cancer if inhaled. picked up taken indoors breathed in eaten up

A goal of modern dance often is to express the dancer’s innermost feelings and emotions. slightest rarest most personal most difficult

Among many mammals, the father helps in protecting and instructing the young. teaching coaching tutoring cramming

Because Helen Keller could neither see nor hear, Anne Sullivan based her instructionon a system of communication through touch. contact teaching speech friendship

Fainting, or a temporary loss of consciousness, may be brought about by an insufficient supply of oxygen to the brain. inappropriate inadequate unstable undiluted

A person who suffers from stage fright is easily intimidated by a large audience. inspired applauded frightened expelled

A policeman has to be trained in criminal law because______.

What is the most suitable word that describes the work of a policeman according to the passage? ______.

According to the passage, policemen spend most of their time and efforts ______.

What’s the policeman’s biggest headache? ______.

Why do policemen feel separated from the rest of the world? ______.