Medical Journals Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals. In the past, these journals were available only in print. With the development of electronic publishing, many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet, and some journals are published only online. A few medical journals, like the Journal of the American Medical Association, are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine. Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine. Medical journals publish many types of articles. Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments. Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature. Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors, combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing, diagnosing or treating a particular disease. Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors, often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue. Editorials provide a perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic. Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments, questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.

She was the one in the whole class who was eligible to apply for the scholarship. competitive diligent qualified competent

Merge the following two short sentences into one new sentence. Split Combine Break Divide

Foreign money can be converted into the local currency at this bank. altered changed bought sold

Einstein’s Theory of Relativity was so profound that only a few scientists could understand it. deep superior wide narrow

The Weight Experiment Nicola Walters has been taking part in experiments in Scotland to discover why humans gain and lose weight. Being locked in a small room called a“calorimeter“(热量测量室)is one way to find out. 1 The signs above the two rooms read simply “Chamber One“and “Chamber Two“. These are the calorimeters: 4m by 2m white-walled rooms where human volunteers are locked up in the name of science. Outside these rooms another sign reads“ Please do not enter—work in progress“ and in front of the rooms advanced machinery registers every move the volunteers make. Each day, meals measured to the last gram are passed through a hole in the wall of the calorimeter to the resident volunteer. 2 Nicola Walters is one of twenty volunteers who, over the past eight months, have spent varying periods inside the calorimeter. Tall and slim, Nicola does not have a weight problem, but thought the strict diet might help with her training and fitness programme. As a self-employed community dance worker, she was able to fit the experiment in around her work. She saw an advert for volunteers at her local gym and as she is interested in the whole area of diet and exercise, she thought she would help out. 3 The experiment on Nicola involved her spending one day on a fixed diet at home and the next in the room. This sequence was repeated four times over six weeks. She arrived at the calorimeter at 8: 30 am on each of the four mornings and from then on everything she ate or drank was carefully measured. Her every move was noted too, her daily exercise routine, timed to the last second. At regular intervals, after eating, she filled in forms about how hungry she felt and samples were taken for analysis. 4 The scientists help volunteers impose a kind of order on the long days they face in the room. “ The first time, I only took one video and a book, but it was OK because I watched TV the rest of the time, “ says Nicola. And twice a day she used the exercise bike. She pedaled(踩踏板)for half an hour, watched by researchers to make sure she didn’t go too fast. 5 It seems that some foods encourage you to eat more, while others satisfy you quickly. Volunteers are already showing that high-fat diets are less likely to make you feel full. Believing that they may now know what encourages people to overeat, the researchers are about to start testing a high-protein weight-loss diet. Volunteers are required and Nicola has signed up for further sessions. A What does the calorimeter look like inside? B What program was designed for the experiment? C What is a calorimeter? D What is the first impression? E How do the volunteers kill the time? F Why did Nicola join in the experiments?

Clone Farm Factory farming could soon enter a new era of mass production. Companies in the US are developing the technology needed to“ clone“chickens on a massive scale. Once a chicken with desirable traits has been bred or genetically engineered, tens of thousands of eggs, which will hatch into identical copies, could roll off the production lines every hour. Billions of clones could be produced each year to supply chicken farms with birds that all grow at the same rate, have the same amount of meat and taste the same. This, at least, is the vision of the US’s National Institute of Science and Technology, which has given Origen Therapeutics of Burlingame, California, and Embrex of North Carolina $ 4. 7 million to help fund research. The prospect has alarmed animal welfare groups, who fear it could increase the suffering of farm birds. That’s unlikely to put off the poultry industry, however, which wants disease-resistant birds that grow faster on less food. “ Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there, “says Mike Fitzgerald of Origen. To meet this demand, Origen aims to“create an animal that is effectively a clone“ , he says. Normal cloning doesn’t work in birds because eggs can’t be removed and implanted. Instead, the company is trying to bulk-grow embryonic stem cells taken from fertilized eggs as soon as they’re laid. “The trick is to culture the cells without them starting to distinguish, so they remain pluripotent, “ says Fitzgerald. Using a long-established technique, these donor cells will then be injected into the embryo of a freshly laid, fertilized recipient egg, forming a chick that is a“chimera“. Strictly speaking a chimera isn’t a clone, because it contains cells from both donor and recipient. But Fitzgerald says it will be enough if, say, 95 percent of a chicken’s body develops from donor cells. “In the poultry world, it doesn’t matter if it’s not 100 percent, “he says. Another challenge for Origen is to scale up production. To do this, it has teamed up with Embrex, which produces machines that can inject vaccines into up to 50, 000 eggs an hour. Embrex is now trying to modify the machines to locate the embryo and inject the cells into precisely the right spot without killing it. In future, Origen imagines freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken. If orders come in for a particular strain, millions of eggs could be produced in months or even weeks. At present, maintaining all the varieties the market might call for is too expensive for breeders and it takes years to bread enough chickens to produce the billions of eggs that farmers need.

Medical Journals Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals. In the past, these journals were available only in print. With the development of electronic publishing, many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet, and some journals are published only online. A few medical journals, like the Journal of the American Medical Association, are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine. Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine. Medical journals publish many types of articles. Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments. Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature. Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors, combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing, diagnosing or treating a particular disease. Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors, often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue. Editorials provide a perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic. Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments, questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.

Their style of playing football is utterly different. barely scarcely hardly totally

Scott seized the opportunity to present his proposal to the director. realized grasped rendered delivered

A the volunteers do B because she does not have a weight problem C because the life there can be very boring D make people overeat E because she was her own boss F after passing a high-protein test

Hair Care Whether the hair is long or short, it must be regularly brushed and regularly washed. For greasy(油性的)hair, especially if the owner lives in a town, it may be necessary to wash the head every four to five days. Those with a dry hair can usually go a little longer, but this is a matter for the individual to decide. As for style, this must be studied according to what is the latest fashion and also to suit the individual at different times of her life. If a woman is not able to go to hairdresser very often, it is important that she chooses a style she can easily manage for herself, and this nearly always means that the first cut must be very standard. The same applies to permanent waving(烫发). I think that this should be carried out three or four times a year, so that the hair never gets out of hand. One thing would be remembered though, that is, whatever you apply to the head can have some effect upon the skin and therefore anything strong should be used with care. Or you may use milder products. Young people who has spots or skin troubles on their face should take particular care to ensure that the hair is both clean and does not come into contact with the affected piece of skin. Hair is very difficult to keep completely clean and therefore anyone running their hands through their hair and afterwards touching their face, or letting their hair fall over their faces, might spread infection from one place to another. Good hair does a lot to the effect of a face, so if you want to look charming, please start with your hair.

His claims seem credible to many people. workable convincing practical eligible

We were astonished to hear that their football team had won the champion. amazed amounted amused approached

I don’t quite follow what she is saying. observe understand explain describe

The dentist has decided to extract her bad tooth. take out repair push in dig

David was a very cute boy but now he seems to have no interest in anything. clever honest brave dull

He notified his friends that his address had changed. informed observed mocked misled

The doctors have abandoned the hope to rescue the old man. left given up turned down refused

It is easy to misjudge the strength of the wind. force direction temperature effect

The Moon and most artificial satellites travel around the Earth in elliptical paths. waves orbits voyages flights

An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called______.

Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on______.

How many major types of articles are mentioned in the passage?

Which of the following statements is NOT true ?

The main readers of medical journals are______.