Singapore 1．Singapore is an independent city-state in southeastern Asia, consisting of one major island the Singapore Island--and more than 50 small islands, located off the southern tip of Malay. The city of Singapore, the capital of the country, is at the southeastern end of the Singapore Island, it is one of the most important port cities and commercial centers of Southeast Asia. The total area of the republic is 640 sq. km. 2．Low-lying Singapore Island has no outstanding relief(轮廓鲜明的) features. A central area of hills rises to the maximum height of 176m. The country has a wet tropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 27.2℃. The average annual rainfall is 2,413 mm; the wettest months are November through January. 3．Singapore is governed under a constitution of 1959, as amended (修正后的). A president, elected to a four-year term, is head of state, and a prime minister is head of government. The president used to be elected by Parliament, but by a 1991 constitutional amendment (宪法修正案), the president is now elected directly by the people. The Parliament is the law making body with its 81 members popularly elected. 4．In the late 1980s the country had some 290 primary schools with 278,300 pupils and 160 secondary schools with 200,200 students. The main institutions of higher education are the National University of Singapore (founded in 1980 with the combination of two major universities), several technical colleges, and a teachers college. 5．Singapore has one of the highest standards of living of any country in Asia. In the late 1980s the gross domestic product(GDP) was estimated at ＄ 23.7 billion, or ＄ 8,870 per per-son. The fishing industry is centered on the port of During, on southwestern Singapore Is-land. Industry has grown rapidly since the 1960s, and Singapore now produces a diversity (多样化的) of goods, including chemicals, electronic items, clothing, and processed foods, etc. Shipbuilding and petroleum refining are also important. A．Introduction to Singapore B．Education C．Economy D．State System of Singapore E．History of Singapore F．Land and Climate

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Singapore 1．Singapore is an independent city-state in southeastern Asia, consisting of one major island the Singapore Island--and more than 50 small islands, located off the southern tip of Malay. The city of Singapore, the capital of the country, is at the southeastern end of the Singapore Island, it is one of the most important port cities and commercial centers of Southeast Asia. The total area of the republic is 640 sq. km. 2．Low-lying Singapore Island has no outstanding relief(轮廓鲜明的) features. A central area of hills rises to the maximum height of 176m. The country has a wet tropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 27.2℃. The average annual rainfall is 2,413 mm; the wettest months are November through January. 3．Singapore is governed under a constitution of 1959, as amended (修正后的). A president, elected to a four-year term, is head of state, and a prime minister is head of government. The president used to be elected by Parliament, but by a 1991 constitutional amendment (宪法修正案), the president is now elected directly by the people. The Parliament is the law making body with its 81 members popularly elected. 4．In the late 1980s the country had some 290 primary schools with 278,300 pupils and 160 secondary schools with 200,200 students. The main institutions of higher education are the National University of Singapore (founded in 1980 with the combination of two major universities), several technical colleges, and a teachers college. 5．Singapore has one of the highest standards of living of any country in Asia. In the late 1980s the gross domestic product(GDP) was estimated at ＄ 23.7 billion, or ＄ 8,870 per per-son. The fishing industry is centered on the port of During, on southwestern Singapore Is-land. Industry has grown rapidly since the 1960s, and Singapore now produces a diversity (多样化的) of goods, including chemicals, electronic items, clothing, and processed foods, etc. Shipbuilding and petroleum refining are also important. A．Introduction to Singapore B．Education C．Economy D．State System of Singapore E．History of Singapore F．Land and Climate

A．1959 constitutional amendment B．southeast Asia C．1960s D．rainy E．1991 constitutional amendment F．1980s

Valuing Childhood The value of childhood is easily hurried (变得模糊不清) in today’s world. Consider some recent developments: The child-murderers in the Jonesboro, Ark. schoolyard shooting case were convicted and sentenced. Two boys, 7 and 8, were charged in the murder of an 11-year-old girl in Chicago. Children who commit horrible crimes appear to act of their own will. Yet, as legal proceedings in Jonesboro showed, the one boy who was able to address the court couldn’t begin to explain his acts, though he tried to apologize. There may have been a motive-youthful jealousy(妒忌) and resentment. But a deeper question remains. Why did these boys and others in similar trouble apparently lack any inner, moral restraint? That question echoes for the accused in Chicago, young as they are. They wanted the girl’s bicycle, a selfish impulse common enough among kids. Redemption (拯救) is a practical necessity. How can value be restored to young lives distorted by acts of violence? The boys in Jonesboro and in Chicago will be confined in institutions for a relatively short time. Despite horror at what was done, children are not-cannot be-dealt with as adults, not if a people wants to consider itself civilized. That’s why politicians’ cries for adult treatment of youthful criminals ultimately miss the point. But the moral void(真空)that invites violence has many sources. Family instability con-tributes. So does economic stress. That void, however, can be filled. The work starts with parents, who have to ask themselves whether they’re doing enough to give their children a firm sense of right and wrong. Are they really monitoring their activities and their developing processes of thought? Schools, too, have a role in building character. So do youth organizations. So do law enforcement agencies, which can do more to inform the young about laws, their meaning, and their observance (遵守). The goal, ultimately, is to allow all children a normal passage from childhood to adulthood (成年), so that tragic gaps in moral judgment are less likely to occur. The relative few who fill such gaps with acts of violence hint at many others who don’t go that far, but who lack the moral foundations childhood should provide-and which progressive human society relies on.

Problems of the Elderly Gerontologists (老年人问题学者) study how old people are treated within a society and how the elderly deal with the inevitable problems of aging, particularly those involving health and income. Health problems include normal losses in hearing, eyesight, and memory, and the increased possibility of chronic(慢性的)diseases. These losses are gradual and proceed at different rates for each individual. In general, the health of old people today is better than that of earlier generation-a condition that is likely to improve still further as more people receive better medical care through their lives. Because most old people are no longer in the labor force, a steady source of income is necessary. Systems of pensions and benefits are characteristic of industrial societies. One example is Social Security in the U. S. , which is now increased automatically as the cost of living rises, thus reducing somewhat the effect of inflation. Although the income of retired people is about half that of working people, most manage to remain financially independent. Income needs and health are what people consider most when they decide whether to re-tire or not. Putting an end to the limit on the retirement age is not expected to cause many workers to stay on the job if they can afford to retire. The need to relieve strains on the Social Security System, however, has led to legislation that gradually raises the age at which people can get full benefits. This might force them to work longer in the future. Elderly people themselves often display high spirits, satisfaction with life, and feelings of self-worth. The important factors are health and income. The task of modern societies is to ensure that the aged have their basic needs met and that they can continue to function in the community.

Who is Uncle Sam? “Uncle Sam“, of course, stands for the United States. It is the nickname(绰号) of the country. It is hard to believe that this nickname arose quite by accident and there was a man called “Uncle Sam “ (46) . The man was called Uncle Sam Wilson. He was born in Arlington, Massachusetts (马萨诸塞州), September 13,1766. At the age of 14 Sam joined the American Revolutionary War, and served in the army under George Washington until the end of the war. He then moved to Troy, New York State and began a meat-packing business in the year 1812 war broke out between the United States and Great Britain. (47) . Among them was Governor Daniel Tompkins of New York State. He noticed the capitalized letters EAUS on the packages of meat and asked what they stood for. A workman replied that EA stood for Elbert Anderson, the businessman for whom Sam was working. (48) . In May 1813, this story appeared in a newspaper published in New York. (49) . By the end of the War of 1812, “Uncle Sam “ had come to symbolize (象征)the character of the nation and the government. (50) A．And he added jokingly that US (actually it was the short form for the United States stood for Uncle Sam Wilson. ) B．However, not many people have ever heard of such a man. Not even most young Ameri cans. C．He did his bit to support the American army. D．In 1961 the US Congress(国会) made a decision that “Uncle Sam “ is the America’s national symbol. E．On October 2 that year, a group of visitors came to Sam’s meat-packing plant. F．Since Uncle Sam was an example of a hard-working man and a lover of America, the idea of “Uncle Sam“ as the name for this kind of man became well-known rapidly.

When we visited the country, our principal impression was one of poverty and hardship. main central unforgettable strong

The people who speak Esperanto hope that the language someday will become the international language for trade, science, and diplomacy. common unique official well-known

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Capital punishment was abolished some years ago in some states of the U. S. created decorated improved eliminated

Man and Computer What makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories don’t yet (51) ．for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories (52) ．a reason to learn more about what they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand, don’t. In fact, computers don’t (53) ． have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer (54) ． is to be a model of story understanding, it should also read for a “purpose“. Of course, people have several goals that do not make (55) to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide in order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to (56) a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not (57) , and computers do not have business lunches. However, these physiological and social goals give (58) to several intellectual or cognitive(认识的) goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find (59) about the name of a restaurant which serves the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is, the (60) of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to (61) information or knowledge, what we are calling (62) goals. These goals can be held by computers too a computer might “want“ to find out the location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so (63) the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not (64) out of hunger in the case of the computer, it might (65) rise out of the “goal“ to learn more about restaurants.

You don’t need to carry large amounts of cash； actually all financial businesses will be conducted by computers. transmissions transitions transactions transportation

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