Interview The importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist are reflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to, journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the “how to“ aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and, implications. Much of the “how to“ material is based on personal experiences and general impressions. As we know, in journalism as in other fields, much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed. There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself. On the other hand, many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written. Many of these books and articles present the theoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems likely that most people in modern Western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists. In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help. Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so, true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interview, requires thoughtful analysis and even study, as this book indicates.

I simply gave in to him, and I’ve felt regretted it ever since. sorry disappointed shameful disheartened

Mike was dismissed. criticized exhausted fired fined

She cannot answer this question at once,but can find the answer to it from that book. early now immediately soon

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His novel depicts an ambitious Chinese. writes sketches describes indicates

Knowing Your Real Personality from Sleeping Positions Everyone has got two personalities—the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real. You don’t show your secret personality when you’re awake because you can control yourself, but when you’re asleep, your sleeping position shows the real you. In a normal night, of course, you often change your sleeping positions. The important position that best shows your secret personality is the one that you go to sleep. If you go to sleep on your back, you’re a very open person. You normally trust people and you are easily influenced by new ideas. You don’t like to make people unhappy, so you never express your real feelings. You’re quite shy and you aren’t very confident. If you sleep on your stomach, you are a person who likes to keep secrets. You worry a lot and you’re always easily becoming sad. You never want to change your ideas, but you are satisfied with your life the way it is. You usually live for today not for tomorrow. If you sleep on curled up, you are probably a very nervous person. You have a low opinion of yourself and often protect yourself from being hurt, so you are very defensive. You’re shy and you don’t usually like meeting people. You like to be on your own. If you sleep on your side, you have usually got a well-balanced personality. You know your strengths and weaknesses. You’re usually careful. You have a confident personality. You sometimes feel worried, but you don’t often get unhappy. You always say what you think, even if it makes people angry.

Early or Later Day Care The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment“ period from birth to three may scar a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant a-lone—far from it. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly, in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neural or slightly positive effect on children’s development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue. But Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.

Hospital Mistreatment According to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors,【C1】______threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school. The findings come from analysis of the【C2】______a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1,733 second-year residents. The survey and【C3】______appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. Overall, out of the 1,277 residents【C4】______completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. 【C5】______reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons【C6】______false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent 【C7】______. More than 10% of the residents said they were【C8】______to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours【C9】______sleep was 37. 6. The average on-call time during a 【C10】______week was 56. 9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. 【C11】______30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they 【C12】______belitded or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being “【C13】______tasks for punishment,“ “being pushed, kicked or hit,“ and【C14】______someone “ threatening your reputation or career,“ were reported as a more【C15】______occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.

The annoying thing about the scheme is that it’s confusing. hateful painful horrifying irritating

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I had some difficulty in carrying out the plan. implementing changing keeping making

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Jim has made up his mind not to go to the meeting. agreed decided promised wanted

A candidates for clinical trials B during the trial C medical knowledge D in humans E before participation F for some patients

New Changes in American Life Once it was possible to define male and female roles easily by the division of labor. Men worked outside the home and earned the income to support their families, while women cooked the meals and took care of the home and the children. 【B1】______But by the middle of this century, men’s and women’s roles were becoming less firmly fixed. In the 1950s, economic and social success was the goal of the typical American. But in the 1960s a new force developed called the counterculture. 【B2】______The counterculture presented men and women with new role choices. Taking more interest in childcare, men began to share child-raising tasks with their wives. In fact, some young men and women moved to communal homes or farms where the economic and childcare responsibilities were shared equally by both sexes. 【B3】______Some young men refused to be drafted as soldiers to fight in the war in Vietnam. In terms of numbers, the counterculture was not a very large group of people.【B4】______Working men of all classes began to change their economic and social patterns. Industrial workers and business executives alike cut down on “overtime“ work so that they could spend more leisure time with their families. Some doctors, lawyers, and teachers turned away from high paying situations to practice their professions in poorer neighborhoods. In the 1970s, the feminist movement, or women’s liberation, produced additional economic and social changes. Women of all ages and at all levels of society were entering the work force in greater numbers.【B5】______But some women began to enter traditionally male occupations: police work, banking, dentistry, and construction work. Women were asking for equal work, and equal opportunities for promotion. Today the experts generally agree that important changes are taking place in the roles of men and women. Naturally, there are difficulties in adjusting to these transformations. A In addition, many Americans did not value the traditional male role of soldier. B Most of them still took traditional women’s jobs as public school teaching, nursing, and secretarial work. C These roles were firmly fixed for most people, and there was not much opportunity for women to exchange their roles. D But its influence spread to many parts of American society. E The people involved in this movement did not value the middle-class American goals. F A great many jobs that used to belong to men are now taken by women.

They should not sacrifice environmental protections to foster economic growth. give realize promote reduce

In short, I am going to live there myself. To be frank In a word That is to say In other words

We shall take the treasure away to a safe place. clean pretty distant secure

We were astonished to hear that their football team had won the champion. amazed amounted amused approached

The reporter was accused of unprofessional conduct. movement words principle behavior

The passage is most like a part of a journalistic interview.

We should pay attention to the interview in a clinical interview.

The television interviews don’t require thoughtful analysis.

The patient is the interviewee in a clinical interview.

Westerners are familiar with the journalistic interview, but most of them may not have been interviewed in person.

Much research has been done on interviews in general, so the training of journalistic interviewers has likewise been strengthened.

The main idea of the first paragraph is that importance should be attached to the systematic study of journalistic interviewing.