Panic A panic is a form of collective in which a group of people, face with an immediate threat, react in an uncoordinated and irrational way. Their behavior is uncoordinated in the sense that cooperative social relationships and break down. It is irrational in the sense that people’s actions are not appropriate for the goals they wish to achieve. The progress of a panic follows a fairly typical course. A sudden crisis occurs; people experience intense fear; normal social expectations are broken; each individual tries desperately to escape from the source of danger; mutual cooperation breaks down; and the situation becomes even more threatening as a result. Panics are especially likely to occur in unusual conditions in which everyday norms have little relevance, such as fires, floods, earthquakes or military invasions. Some kind of response is necessary in these situations, but there are few social norms that specify an appropriate reaction. Thus, when a passenger aircraft makes a crash landing people may attempt to flee before fire breaks out and cause an explosion, but there only succeed in stopping themselves and others by creating bottlenecks at the exits. Awareness of bottlenecks may lead to increased panic, with people fighting and trampling one another in the effort to escape. Despite intensive training of airline personnel in emergency evacuation procedures, a high proportion of passenger deaths are caused by a panic that prevents people from escaping in time. The most dramatic panics are those that occur in situations of extreme emergency, but not all panics are quite so frantic or short-lived. A different form of this collective behavior is the financial panic, which is typically provoked by rumor that the price of stocks will fall or that a bank will be unable to repay its depositors. The classic example, of course, occurred at the outset of the Great Depression in 1929 : as in other forms of panic, the individuals involved tried to protect their own interests, and in so doing they worsened the situation for themselves and everyone else. By trying to sell their stocks as quickly as possible, people ensured that the price of stocks did fall; by demanding their money back from banks, they ensured that the banks actually did collapse.

I simply gave in to him, and I’ve felt regretted it ever since. sorry disappointed shameful disheartened

Mike was dismissed. criticized exhausted fired fined

She cannot answer this question at once,but can find the answer to it from that book. early now immediately soon

It was obvious that he was not going home. possible evident necessary probable

His novel depicts an ambitious Chinese. writes sketches describes indicates

Knowing Your Real Personality from Sleeping Positions Everyone has got two personalities—the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real. You don’t show your secret personality when you’re awake because you can control yourself, but when you’re asleep, your sleeping position shows the real you. In a normal night, of course, you often change your sleeping positions. The important position that best shows your secret personality is the one that you go to sleep. If you go to sleep on your back, you’re a very open person. You normally trust people and you are easily influenced by new ideas. You don’t like to make people unhappy, so you never express your real feelings. You’re quite shy and you aren’t very confident. If you sleep on your stomach, you are a person who likes to keep secrets. You worry a lot and you’re always easily becoming sad. You never want to change your ideas, but you are satisfied with your life the way it is. You usually live for today not for tomorrow. If you sleep on curled up, you are probably a very nervous person. You have a low opinion of yourself and often protect yourself from being hurt, so you are very defensive. You’re shy and you don’t usually like meeting people. You like to be on your own. If you sleep on your side, you have usually got a well-balanced personality. You know your strengths and weaknesses. You’re usually careful. You have a confident personality. You sometimes feel worried, but you don’t often get unhappy. You always say what you think, even if it makes people angry.

Early or Later Day Care The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment“ period from birth to three may scar a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant a-lone—far from it. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly, in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neural or slightly positive effect on children’s development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue. But Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.

Hospital Mistreatment According to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors,【C1】______threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school. The findings come from analysis of the【C2】______a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1,733 second-year residents. The survey and【C3】______appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. Overall, out of the 1,277 residents【C4】______completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. 【C5】______reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons【C6】______false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent 【C7】______. More than 10% of the residents said they were【C8】______to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours【C9】______sleep was 37. 6. The average on-call time during a 【C10】______week was 56. 9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. 【C11】______30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they 【C12】______belitded or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being “【C13】______tasks for punishment,“ “being pushed, kicked or hit,“ and【C14】______someone “ threatening your reputation or career,“ were reported as a more【C15】______occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.

The annoying thing about the scheme is that it’s confusing. hateful painful horrifying irritating

He was close to success. near tight quick fast

I had some difficulty in carrying out the plan. implementing changing keeping making

She often finds fault with my work. talks about evaluates praises criticizes

Jim has made up his mind not to go to the meeting. agreed decided promised wanted

A candidates for clinical trials B during the trial C medical knowledge D in humans E before participation F for some patients

New Changes in American Life Once it was possible to define male and female roles easily by the division of labor. Men worked outside the home and earned the income to support their families, while women cooked the meals and took care of the home and the children. 【B1】______But by the middle of this century, men’s and women’s roles were becoming less firmly fixed. In the 1950s, economic and social success was the goal of the typical American. But in the 1960s a new force developed called the counterculture. 【B2】______The counterculture presented men and women with new role choices. Taking more interest in childcare, men began to share child-raising tasks with their wives. In fact, some young men and women moved to communal homes or farms where the economic and childcare responsibilities were shared equally by both sexes. 【B3】______Some young men refused to be drafted as soldiers to fight in the war in Vietnam. In terms of numbers, the counterculture was not a very large group of people.【B4】______Working men of all classes began to change their economic and social patterns. Industrial workers and business executives alike cut down on “overtime“ work so that they could spend more leisure time with their families. Some doctors, lawyers, and teachers turned away from high paying situations to practice their professions in poorer neighborhoods. In the 1970s, the feminist movement, or women’s liberation, produced additional economic and social changes. Women of all ages and at all levels of society were entering the work force in greater numbers.【B5】______But some women began to enter traditionally male occupations: police work, banking, dentistry, and construction work. Women were asking for equal work, and equal opportunities for promotion. Today the experts generally agree that important changes are taking place in the roles of men and women. Naturally, there are difficulties in adjusting to these transformations. A In addition, many Americans did not value the traditional male role of soldier. B Most of them still took traditional women’s jobs as public school teaching, nursing, and secretarial work. C These roles were firmly fixed for most people, and there was not much opportunity for women to exchange their roles. D But its influence spread to many parts of American society. E The people involved in this movement did not value the middle-class American goals. F A great many jobs that used to belong to men are now taken by women.

They should not sacrifice environmental protections to foster economic growth. give realize promote reduce

In short, I am going to live there myself. To be frank In a word That is to say In other words

We shall take the treasure away to a safe place. clean pretty distant secure

We were astonished to hear that their football team had won the champion. amazed amounted amused approached

The reporter was accused of unprofessional conduct. movement words principle behavior

What will people not do when they feel panic?

Which of the following cannot cause the process of panic?

Which of the following is NOT TURE according to the passage?

What does the word“bottlenecks“(Para. 2)mean in this passage?

What is the purpose of the passage?