Common-cold Sense You can’t beat it, but you don’t have to join it. Maybe it got the name “common cold“ because it’ s more common in winter. The fact is, though, being cold doesn’ t have anything to do with getting one. Colds are caused by the spread of rhinoviruses, and, at least so far, medical science is better at telling you how to avoid getting one than how to get rid of one. Children are the most common way cold viruses are spread to adults, because they have more colds than adults—an average of about eight per year. Why do kids seem so much more easily to get colds than their parents? Simple. They haven’t had the opportunity to become immune to many cold viruses. There are more than 150 different cold viruses, and you never have the same one twice. Being infected by one makes you immune to it—but only it. Colds are usually spread by direct contact, not sneezing or coughing. From another person’ s hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes is the most common route. The highest concentration of cold viruses anywhere is found under the thumbnails of a boy, although the viruses can survive for hours on skin or other smooth surfaces. Hygiene is your best defense. Wash your hands frequently, preferably with a disinfectant soap, especially when children in your household have colds. But even careful hygiene won’t ward off every cold. So, what works when a coughing, sneezing, runny nose strikes? The old prescription of two aspirins, lots of water, and bed rest is a good place to start. But you’ 11 also find some of the folk remedies worth trying. Hot mixtures of sugar(or honey), lemon, and water have real benefits.

We had a long conversation about her parents. talk speech debate discussion

Birds are abundant in the tall vegetation. steady plentiful extra meager

He was kept in appalling conditions in prison. dreadful bad unpleasant poor

Medicine depends on other fields for basic information, particularly some of their specialized branches. conventionally obviously especially inevitably

He had finally achieved success. reached reaped attained took

During his lifetime he was able to accumulate quite a fortune. control spend collect exchange

Step Back in Time Do you know that we live a lot longer now than the people who were born before us? One hundred years ago the average woman lived to be 45. But now, she can live until at least 80. One of the main reasons for people living longer is that we know how to look after ourselves better. We know which foods are good for us and what we have to eat to make sure our bodies get all the healthy things they need. We know why we sometimes get ill and what to do to get better again. And we know how important it is to do lots of exercise to keep our hearts beating healthily. But in order that we don’ t slip back into bad habits, let’ s have a look at what life was like 100 years ago. Families had between 15 and 20 children, although many babies didn’t live long. Children suffered from lots of diseases, especially rickets(佝偻病)and scurvy(坏血病), which are both caused by bad diets. This is because many families were very poor and not able to feed their children well. Really poor families who lived in crowded cities like London and Manchester often slept standing up, bending over a piece of string, because there was no room for them to lie down. People didn’ t have fridges until the 1920s. They kept fresh food cold by storing it on windowsills(窗台板), blocks of ice, or even burying it in the garden. Some children had to start work at the age of seven or eight to earn money for their parents. If you had lived 100 years ago, you might well be selling matchsticks(火柴杆)(a job done by many children)or working with your dad by now.

U. S. Eats Too Much Salt People in the United States consume more than twice the recommended amount of salt, raising their risk for high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes, government health experts said on Thursday. They found nearly 70 percent of U. S. adults are in high-risk groups that would benefit from a lower-salt diet of no more than 1 , 500 mg per day, yet most consume close to 3 , 500 mg per day. “It’ s important for people to eat less salt. People who adopt a heart-healthy eating pattern that includes a diet low in sodium and rich in potassium and calcium can improve their blood pressure, “ Dr. Darwin Labarthe of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said in a statement. “ People need to know their recommended daily sodium limit and take action to reduce sodium intake, “ Labarthe said. The study in CDC’ s weekly report on death and disease used national survey data to show that two out of three adults should be consuming no more than 1 , 500 mg of sodium per day because they are black or over the age of 40—which are considered high-risk groups. Yet studies show most people in the United States eat 3, 436 mg of sodium per day, according to a 2005—2006 CDC estimate. Most of the sodium eaten comes from packaged, processed and restaurant foods. The CDC said it will join other agencies in the Health and Human Services department in working with major food manufacturers and chain restaurants to reduce sodium levels in the food supply. Nationwide, 16 million men and women have heart disease and 5. 8 million are estimated to have had a stroke. Cutting salt consumption can reduce these risks, the CDC said.

Common-cold Sense You can’t beat it, but you don’t have to join it. Maybe it got the name “common cold“ because it’ s more common in winter. The fact is, though, being cold doesn’ t have anything to do with getting one. Colds are caused by the spread of rhinoviruses, and, at least so far, medical science is better at telling you how to avoid getting one than how to get rid of one. Children are the most common way cold viruses are spread to adults, because they have more colds than adults—an average of about eight per year. Why do kids seem so much more easily to get colds than their parents? Simple. They haven’t had the opportunity to become immune to many cold viruses. There are more than 150 different cold viruses, and you never have the same one twice. Being infected by one makes you immune to it—but only it. Colds are usually spread by direct contact, not sneezing or coughing. From another person’ s hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes is the most common route. The highest concentration of cold viruses anywhere is found under the thumbnails of a boy, although the viruses can survive for hours on skin or other smooth surfaces. Hygiene is your best defense. Wash your hands frequently, preferably with a disinfectant soap, especially when children in your household have colds. But even careful hygiene won’t ward off every cold. So, what works when a coughing, sneezing, runny nose strikes? The old prescription of two aspirins, lots of water, and bed rest is a good place to start. But you’ 11 also find some of the folk remedies worth trying. Hot mixtures of sugar(or honey), lemon, and water have real benefits.

What Makes Me the Weight I Am? There’ s no easy answer to this question. Your genetic makeup, the physical traits that get passed down to you from your parents, plays a big part in determining your size and weight. 【B1】______But if your parents are smaller than average, you may want to rethink that professional basketball career! The same goes for your body type. Have you ever heard someone say a person is “big boned“? It’ s a way of saying the person has a large frame, or skeleton. Big bones usually weigh more than small bones.【B2】______ Like your height or body type, your genes have a lot to say about what your weight will be. But that’ s only part of the story. Being overweight can run in someone’ s family, but it may not be because of their genes.【B3】______And even though some kids gain weight more easily than others, when they eat right and exercise, most kids can be a healthy and happy weight that’ s right for them. It’ s true—the way you live can change the way you look. How much you weigh is a balance between the calories you eat and the calories you use. 【B4】______If you spend your free time watching TV, your body won’ t use as many calories as it would if you played basketball, skated, or went for a walk. If you are in balance, your weight will stay right for you as you grow. But if you eat more and exercise less, you may become overweight.【B5】______ A. That’s why it’ s possible for two kids with the same height but different weight, to both be the right weight. B. If you eat more calories than your body needs to use, you will gain too much weight. C. Poor eating and exercise habits also run in families and this may be the reason the members of a family are overweight. D. However, many overweight people have difficulty reaching their healthy body weight. E. On the other hand, if you eat less and exercise more, you may lose weight. F. If both your parents are tall, there is a good chance you’ 11 be tall.

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Below 600 feet ocean waters range from dimly lit to completely dark. inadequately hardly faintly sufficiently

Cement was seldom used in building during the Middle Ages. crudely rarely originally symbolically

Radios are not permitted in the library. agreed submitted admitted allowed

Napping to a Healthier Heart? 1 Researchers say they have developed a simple test that can tell if a person with heart disease is likely to suffer a heart attack. The test measures levels of a protein in the blood. The researchers say people with high levels of this protein are at high risk of heart attack, heart failure or stroke. 2 Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo of the University of California in San Francisco led the team. For about four years, they studied almost one thousand patients with heart disease. The researchers tested the heart disease patients for a protein called NT-proBNP. Patients with the highest levels were nearly eight times more likely than those with the lowest levels to have a heart attack, heart failure or stroke. 3 The researchers say the presence of high levels of the protein in the blood shows that the heart muscle is under pressure in some way. The study involved mostly men, so the researchers could not say for sure that the results are also true for women. They say the patients with the highest levels of NT-proBNP were older and had other problems like diabetes or high blood pressure. 4 Other researchers say more studies are needed to confirm if knowing the protein levels of a heart disease patient should affect that person ’ s treatment. They also would like to know if more aggressive treatment could reduce the patient’ s chance of a heart attack or stroke. The study appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association. 5 Could a little sleep during the middle of the day reduce the risk of a heart attack? An unrelated study earlier this month in the Archives of Internal Medicine suggests that the answer may be yes. In countries like the United States, afternoon naps are mostly for children. But they are common for adults in Mediterranean countries. And these countries generally have lower rates of heart disease. So scientists in the United States and Greece wondered if naps could play a part. Twenty-three thousand healthy adults took part in the study by Harvard University and the University of Athens. Those who took thirty-minute naps three times a week had a thirty-seven percent lower risk of death from heart problems than people who did not take naps. 6 The researchers say napping may improve heart health by reducing stress. They say the research suggests that naps are especially good for working men. But they say not enough female subjects died during the study to judge the benefits for women. A. More Questions to Be Asked B. Older Males Have Higher Levels of NT-proBNP C. Development of a Simple But Important Test D. Evidence of Positive Relationship Between Napping and Heart Disease E. How to Control the Levels of NT-proBNP F. Effects of NT-proBNP on Heart Disease

A. where fewer people die from heart problem B. whether they have the risk of heart attack, heart failure or stroke C. would probably have lower rates of heart disease D. how to test a person’ s NT-proBNP level in the blood by himself E. his heart muscle would be under pressure in some way F. that napping is of great benefit to women too

Malnutrition “ Much of the sickness and death attributed to the major communicable diseases is in fact caused by malnutrition which makes the body less able to withstand infections when they strike“ , said Dr. Hiroshi Na-kajima, Director-General of the World Health Organization(WHO), in his statement on the first day of the World Food Summit organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome, Italy, from 13 to 17 November, 1996. “At the same time, “he added, “in developing countries today, malnutrition is the cause of 174 million children under five years of age being underweight, and 230 million being stunted in their growth. Such figures represent deprivation, suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that is unacceptable from every point of view. Whether we think in terms of humanitarian concern, common justice or development needs, they demand a response, both from national governments and from international community. “ At the end of January 1996, 98 countries had national plans of action for nutrition and 41 countries had one under preparation, in keeping with their commitments made at the International Conference on Nutrition in Rome in December 1992. The global situation, however, remains grim. Over 800 million people around the world still cannot meet basic needs for energy and protein, more than 2, 000 million people lack essential micronutrients, and hundreds of millions suffer from diseases caused by unsafe food and unbalanced diets. In sheer numbers, iron is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency. Mainly women of reproduction’age and children under five are affected by iron deficiency with prevalence hovering around 50% in developing countries. Among various regions in the world, it is South Asia which is hit hardest with prevalence reaching 80% in some countries. In infants and young children even mild anemia is associated with impaired intellectual as well as physical development. In older children and adults iron deficiency reduces work capacity and output. It also leads to increased accidents at work. While there is no single remedy, a combination of several preventive approaches is believed to work best. Dietary improvement includes consumption of iron-and vitamin C-rich foods and foods of animal origin, and avoiding drinking tea or coffee with or soon after meals. Iron supplementation of foods, particularly of staple cereals, is practiced in a growing number of countries. Iron supplementation is the most common approach, particularly for pregnant women.

The economic reform in Japan has been accelerated. sped up put off slowed down stopped

Society is now much more diverse than ever before. colorful attractive flexible varied

According to the essay, you may have a cold because______.

The best way to keep yourself from getting cold is______.

Children have more colds because______.

When you are having a cold, ______.

When one is having a cold, he may often have all the following symptoms EXCEPT______.