Cigars Instead? Smoking one or two cigars a day doubles the risk of cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth, and throat, according to a government study. Daily cigars also increase the risk of lung cancer and cancer of the esophagus, and increase the risk of cancer of the larynx (voicebox) sixfold, say researchers at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. In addition, the report revealed that smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8.5 times the risk for nonsmokers and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of nonsmokers. The health effects of smoking cigars is one of eight sections of the article “Cigars: Health Effects and Trends“. The researchers report that, compared with a cigarette, a large cigar emits up to 90 times as much carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines. “This article provides clear and invaluable information about the disturbing increase in cigar use and the significant public health consequences for the country,“ said Dr. Richard Klausner, director of the National Cancer Institute, in a statement. “The data are clear — the harmful substances and carcinogens in cigar smoke, like cigarettes, are associated with the increased risks of several kinds of cancers as well as heart and lung diseases,“ he added. “In other words, cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes and may be addictive.“ “To those individuals who may be thinking about smoking cigars, our advice is — don’t. To those currently smoking cigars, quitting is the only way to eliminate completely the cancer, heart and lung disease risks,“ warned Klausner. According to a National Cancer Institute press release, there haven’t been any studies on the health effects on nonsmokers at cigar social events, but “... a significant body of evidence clearly demonstrates an increased lung cancer risk from secondhand smoke.“According to the report, smoking three or four cigars a day increases the risk of oral cancer for non-smokers. greatly increases the risk of oral cancer for smokers. increases the risk of more than one cancer for non-smokers. greatly increases the risk of more than one cancer for smokers.

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Cigars Instead? Smoking one or two cigars a day doubles the risk of cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth, and throat, according to a government study. Daily cigars also increase the risk of lung cancer and cancer of the esophagus, and increase the risk of cancer of the larynx (voicebox) sixfold, say researchers at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. In addition, the report revealed that smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8.5 times the risk for nonsmokers and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of nonsmokers. The health effects of smoking cigars is one of eight sections of the article “Cigars: Health Effects and Trends“. The researchers report that, compared with a cigarette, a large cigar emits up to 90 times as much carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines. “This article provides clear and invaluable information about the disturbing increase in cigar use and the significant public health consequences for the country,“ said Dr. Richard Klausner, director of the National Cancer Institute, in a statement. “The data are clear — the harmful substances and carcinogens in cigar smoke, like cigarettes, are associated with the increased risks of several kinds of cancers as well as heart and lung diseases,“ he added. “In other words, cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes and may be addictive.“ “To those individuals who may be thinking about smoking cigars, our advice is — don’t. To those currently smoking cigars, quitting is the only way to eliminate completely the cancer, heart and lung disease risks,“ warned Klausner. According to a National Cancer Institute press release, there haven’t been any studies on the health effects on nonsmokers at cigar social events, but “... a significant body of evidence clearly demonstrates an increased lung cancer risk from secondhand smoke.“According to the report, smoking three or four cigars a day increases the risk of oral cancer for non-smokers. greatly increases the risk of oral cancer for smokers. increases the risk of more than one cancer for non-smokers. greatly increases the risk of more than one cancer for smokers.

Sleeplessness Insomnia or sleeplessness is a common complaint of women as they enter into menopause. Insomnia means having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep or the feeling that your sleep was not adequate for you. For women who are having night sweats, their sleep is broken by frequent awakening and therefore not refreshing. Generally once the night sweats are controlled a normal sleep pattern returns. If it doesn’t it may be, or have become chronic insomnia. How do you know? If you suffer from insomnia every night or most nights for a period of one month then you have chronic insomnia. If you’re not having night sweats then it’s time to look for other causes of sleeplessness. Depression and anxiety disorders are the most common causes of chronic insomnia. If you feel depressed you need to be checked by a qualified health care provider. Movement disorders such as restless leg syndrome are second on the list of insomnia for them; there are new medicines that may help. Other common causes are shift working, and pain. In up to 30% of people with chronic insomnia no cause can be identified. Medical treatment of these people has generally been with sleeping pills. It is estimated that 25% of the adult population in America took some type of medicines for sleep last year. It is generally agreed that sleeping pills should only be in the lowest dose and for the shortest possible time. Sleep hygiene is directed at changing bad sleep habits. The recommendations are: —Go to bed only when sleepy. —Do not wait up to a specified time. —Avoid caffeine and alcohol in the evening, etc.The word “insomnia“ in the first paragraph means having trouble falling or staying asleep. feeling that one’s sleep is adequate for him. having no sweats at night. having a normal sleep pattern.

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China Seeks Donors to Narrow Bone Marrow Gap 1 China has launched a campaign to recruit more bone marrow donors, amid a shortage of funds as well as of sibling donors who could help the growing number of patients in need of lifesaving transplants, state media reported on Monday. 2 The Chinese Red Cross began the national campaign over the weekend to find donors for some 4 million patients suffering from leukaemia, thalassaemia and other blood diseases and awaiting bone marrow transplants, the official China Daily said. Every year China has 40,000 new leukaemia patients, most of them under 35 and 50 percent of them children, the newspaper said. Other reports have linked China’s growing childhood leukaemia to solvents and building materials used in interior decoration. 3 With a tiny pool of bone marrow donors, weakened by the absence of sibling donors for most children because of China’s one-child policy, doctors rely on donors from Taiwan to save many young leukaemia patients, the Beijing Evening News said last weekend. Taiwan, with a population of 22 million, has 210,000 registered donors compared with fewer than 30,000 donors among mainland China’s 1.3 billion people, the newspaper said. 4 Yet the lack of registered donors may reflect a lack of funding for testing and recording data on potential donors rather than a lack of volunteers, the newspaper said. China needs a pool of at 1east 100,000 donors but testing them would cost more than 50 million yuan, it said. 5 The Hong Kong Marrow Match Foundation said it has helped “a handful“ of patients in Beijing, Shanghai and other cities. “The number of requests is increasing“ from mainland China, including direct calls to the charity from desperate patients or relatives, said the foundation’s donor coordinator Marven Chin. But the cost of extracting bone marrow from one of the foundation’s 40,000 registered donors and flying it by courier has to be borne by the patients, and many of them have to be aided financially, Chin said.A Urgent Need for Both Donors and Funds B Shortage of Donors C Desperate Leukaemia Patients D Seriousness of the Current Situation E Shortage of Funds F Comparison Between Mainland and Hong Kong and Taiwan

Bedwetting Millions of kids and teenagers from every part of the world wet the bed every single night. It’s so common that there are probably other kids in your class who do it. Most kids don’t tell their friends, so it’s easy to feel kind of alone, like you might be the only one on the whole planet who wets the bed.(46) The fancy name for bedwetting is nocturnal enuresis. Enuresis runs in families. This means that if you urinate, or pee, while you are asleep, there’s a good chance that a close relative also did it when he or she was a kid.(47) The most important’ thing to remember is that no one wets the bed on purpose, It doesn’t mean that you’re lazy or a slob.(48)For some reason, kids who wet the bed are not able to feel that their bladder is full and don’t wake up to pee in the toilet. Sometimes a kid who wets the bed will have a realistic dream that he’s in the bathroom peeing — only to wake up later and discover he’s all wet. Many kids who wet the bed are very deep sleepers.(49) Some kids who wet the bed do it every single night. Others wet some nights and are dry on others. A lot of kids say that they seem to be drier when they sleep at a friend’s or a relative’s house.(50)So the brain may be thinking, “Hey, you! Don’t wet someone else’s bed!“ This can help you stay dry even if you’re not aware of it. A The good news is that almost all kids who wet the bed eventually stop. B Trying to wake up someone who wets the bed is often like trying to wake a log — they just stay asleep. C It’s something you can’t help doing. D Just like you may have inherited your mom’s blue eyes or your uncle’s long legs, you probably inherited bedwetting, too. E That’s because kids who are anxious about wetting the bed may not sleep much or only very lightly. F But you are not alone.

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Privacy Worry May Keep HIV Patients from Therapy Patients infected with HIV are often concerned about the confidentiality of their HIV-positive status. In fact, some patients are so worried that they will actually give up treatment to prevent the release of this information, according to a report published in the August issue of AIDS Care. Dr. Kathryn Whetten-Goldstein and colleagues from Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, studied the confidentiality issues of 15 HIV-infected patients from rural North Carolina locations. They were divided into groups designed to explore their attitudes toward, and experiences with, breaches in confidentiality. “The fear of a breach in confidentiality is definitely affecting the care that HIV-infected patients receive,“ Whetten-Goldstein said. “Most studied patients had experienced or knew someone who had experienced a breach in confidentiality.“ “Two types of breaches occurred,“ Whetten-Goldstein noted. “The first was a more obvious type of breach. One example was a nurse who told her child that her patient was HIV-positive out of concern that her child would play with the patient’s child.“ “The other type of breach was more subtle, one that providers might not consider breaches,“ Whetten-Goldstein explained. “This type of breach involves providers talking about a patient’s HIV status without the patient’s knowledge of the interaction.“ “The law allows the sharing of information between providers within the same institution, but patient’s consent must be obtained before providers at different institutions can share information,“ she pointed out. “Patients in the study wanted providers to tell them when they are going to share information with other providers and why it is being done,“ Whetten-Goldstein said. “They also felt that providers should be punished when a breach occurs.“ “However, because patients are often reluctant to seek legal action which may further expose their status, they felt that the system should regulate itself,“ she added.All patients in the study refuse to receive any treatment because of the possibility to expose their HIV status. Right Wrong Not mentioned

In the passage how many cancers are mentioned in relation to smoking cigars daily?

What is the main idea of the article “Cigars: Health Effects and Trends“?

What is the doctors’ advice to those cigar-smokers?

In the context of this passage, “secondhand smoke“ means