Modern medicine has grown by means of a tradition that is almost 2,400 years old. Its practices are said to have begun on the Greek island of Cos, near the western coast of Asia Minor, where a school arose around the teachings of Hippocrates. Today the name of Hippocrates is mentioned most frequently in discussions of the Hippocratic Oath. But the Hippocratic physicians at that time did far more than introduce the oath from which the codes of today’ s medical ethics have developed. Perhaps the single most striking difference between the doctors of the Hippocratic school and all others at that time, was in their firm stand that the causes of disease should no longer be related to the influence of supernatural forces. It was the Hippocratic physicians who popularized the belief that the origins of illness were to be found in observable natural factors that influenced the functions of the body. Attempts were made to relate specific symptoms to actual internal or environmental causes, rather than to the interference of displeased gods. This was a departure from physicians who were used to seeking cures by appealing to the gods with prayer and sacrifice. As time passed other Greek physicians rejected this mysticism as well and replaced it with the thesis that the causes and cures of every disease are not only quite natural but also discoverable through the careful study of each patient. Thus curiosity, keenness of observation and the value of precise record keeping became a priority in the new philosophy of care. In this way knowledge of individual physicians became the knowledge of all. So, over the course of several hundred years, a literature, later known as Hippocratic Corpus, was created, forming the basis of all medical practice. Since that time, the accumulated and recorded knowledge of one generation has been passed on to the next through literature and via those who teach their successors. Docere, the Latin word from which the word doctor is derived, means “to teach.“

Pleasure, or joy, is vital to______health. optimistic optional optimal operational

Before a drug is______, the patient should be asked if he has previously had a reaction to it. manufactured synthesized administered purchased

The city government is getting its residents to properly______their garbage. break up dispose of check out hand out

Many professors encourage students to question and______their ideas. convey voice challenge confirm

The project was hampered by a constant stream of visitors. held up cut off carried out given up

The secret to turning a daily stroll into a meaningful form of exercise is to pick up the pace. dilate multiply accelerate enlarge

Most organisms must fit in with their surroundings because their skills to alter their environment are restricted and highly specialized. attach themselves to succumb to lean on adapt themselves to

He was not conspicuously hairy nor shiny-bald, but his hair was graying and receding tactfully in keeping with his age. prominently warily consciously conventionally

Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and medieval worlds, while during the fifteenth century the term “reading“ undoubtedly meant reading aloud. Only during the nineteenth century【C1】______silent reading become commonplace. One should be【C2】______. however, of assuming that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud is a distraction to others. Examination of factors related to the historical development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual【C3】______of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the tasks themselves changed in character. The last century【C4】______a steady gradual increase in literacy, and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, so the number of potential listeners declined, and【C5】______there was some reduction in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, 【C6】______came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in such public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers. Towards the end of the century there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully, and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in【C7】______way mentally weakening. Indeed this argument remains with us still in education. However, 【C8】______its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a specialized readership on the other. By the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, 【C9】______not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly altered【C10】______the term “reading“ implied.

During the past 30 years or so, health care has increasingly become a form of business. In addition, the environment surrounding health care has been greatly altered by the advent of more sophisticated medical technologies and increased specialization. It is no longer true to say that all doctors regard their profession as a sacred calling, and while the doctor-patient relationship still remains, it is not the relationship based solely on trust which it used to be. Of course there are many doctors who have endeavored to increase the transparency of their behavior as medical professionals, and patients can receive effective treatment when such doctors work closely together and share notes. An example of such cooperation can be found in the field of remote health care, which has been introduced on an experimental basis in several regions. Since most medical specialists live in cities, patients who live in the country have to travel a long distance to consult a specialist. This is especially hard on the elderly, both financially and physically. Through a computer network, patients who live in the country can consult a medical specialist in the city, tell him their symptoms, and receive advice without the need for a journey to the specialist’ s office. Also, with several doctors being assigned to a single patient, the transparency of each doctor’ s behavior is further ensured. On the other hand, however, it is also true that remote health consultation is not generally regarded as a form of medical treatment. For any sort of consultation to be regarded as medical treatment, most people feel that the patient must actually visit the doctor, and undergo an examination by the doctor in person. Remote health care is essentially a means for doctors to work as a team. In order for this to be practicable, it is important to establish a system whereby financial support can be extended to a doctor who, as a member of a medical team, provides only information. Establishment of such a system will further advance the cause of “free access to information“ in the health care field.

W: Let’ s not stay here long. This house smells musty. M: Naturally. It has been vacant for a long time. We’ll keep the windows open while we inspect it. Q: What does the conversation tell us? The vacation has been too long. The lady smells musty. The lady smells something musty. The windows are inspected.

No one should be forced to wear a uniform under any circumstance. Uniforms are demeaning to the human spirit and totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual but only lives to function as a part of a whole. The individual in a uniform loses all self-worth. There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger, more important concept. What could be more important than the individual himself? If an organization is so weak that it must rely on cloth and button to inspire its members, that organization has no right to continue to exist. Others say wearing uniforms eliminates all envy and competition in the matter of dress, so that a poor person who cannot afford good-quality clothes will not be looked down upon by a wealthy person who wears expensive clothes. But these people ignore the important concept of freedom of choice, motivation, and individuality. If all persons were to wear the same clothing, why would anyone strive to be better? It is like forcing everyone to drive the same car, have the same type of food. Uniforms also hurt the economy. If everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel and sales personnel would be unnecessary - why bother to sell the only items that are available? The wearing of uniforms would destroy the fashion industry. As a result, advertising would be unnecessary. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines and television would not be able to remain in business. The entire information and entertainment industry would collapse. Questions 26-30 are based on the passage you have just heard. 26. What does the speaker think of the person in a uniform? 27. How can a person reveal his individuality? 28. What does the speaker mean by forcing everyone to buy the same car and eat the same food? 29. Which of the following would NOT be economically affected by the wearing of uniforms? 30. Which of the following does the speaker value most? The person loses all self-worth. The person possesses no spirit. The person cannot function as a part of a whole. All of the above.

Hi, I’d like to welcome you all to the computer lab orientation. We’ll be going into the main lab in a moment, but I want to direct your attention to the bulletin board here in the hallway first. The hours and locations for several other labs are posted on this board. These other labs can be found throughout the campus, but they are all considerably smaller than the main lab. Most of the larger departments have their own computer labs which give priority to students who are departmental majors during times of heavy usage. You will probably want to take note of this information because during midterms and finals we occasionally have large lists of students waiting to use the computer terminals. In general, there are several rules that apply to computer usage across the campus. The first and foremost rule is that no food or drinks are permitted in any computer lab at any time. The first offense will earn you a warning and the second time you will be asked to leave the lab. The second rule is that you must place your student identification card in the holder next to the computer. This second rule is necessary because we’ ve had so many non-students using the facilities and we really don’t have enough machines for the students, much less the population at large. Questions 21-25 are based on the passage you have just heard. 21. Where is the speaker most probably speaking? 22. What is the primary purpose of the talk? 23. What advantage does the speaker mention about other labs? 24. What is the most important rule in the computer lab? 25. Why do students need to display their identification cards? In the main lab. At a computer terminal. In a small lab. Before the bulletin board.

M: I feel an abdominal pain and nausea. W: Do you feel like vomiting? M: Yes. I also have a slight fever. W: How about your bowel movements? M: Since this morning 1 have been passing loose and watery stools several times. W: You are suffering from diarrhea. What did you eat yesterday? M: I ate some stale bread and other food. W: The food might have been contaminated with bacteria. M: Can I eat or drink anything? W: You should drink a lot of water and fruit juice. But do not eat for a day, so that your bowels will have a rest. If you eat, take small servings of soft, bland foods, such as porridge, cereal. Avoid large meals. M: Should I take medication? W: If your diarrhea is so frequent or watery as to cause inconvenience you can take some medicines as prescribed by the doctor. M: Is diarrhea serious? W: Yes, only when you get dehydrated or lose much body fluids. So you should drink freely to replace the salts and water. M: What are the signs of dehydration? W: The signs of dehydration are inelastic skin, dry lips and mouth, furred tongue. If you pinch up the skin on your arm or abdomen and let go, it sags back slowly. M: Do I have to go to the clinic? W: If your diarrhea persists for more than three or four days you should go to the doctor, especially when the stool is black and bloody. In your present case you don’t have to worry. Just take some medicine and replace the lost fluid. Questions 16-20 are based on the passage you have just heard. 16. What is the woman’ s diagnosis of the man? 17. What might be the cause of the man’ s illness? 18. In order to recover soon, which of the following should the man avoid eating or drinking? 19. According to the woman, when should the man take medication? 20. What does the woman think of the man’ s condition? Nausea. Fever. A cold. Diarrhea.

Shyness, the most common form of social anxiety, occurs when a person’ s apprehensions are so great that they inhibit his making an expected or desired social response. discharge trigger restrain defer

Instead of being recycled, garbage is left to accumulate in insanitary heaps which attract flies and spread infectious diseases. innocuous gathering filthy inflammable

Physics and chemistry have furnished the techniques for biologists to take the exploration of life to its logical conclusion. This event demands a wider audience. The pattern of discovery cannot be predicted, but the tool kit now in the possession of biologists is so powerful that no known problem seems likely to hold its mysteries for long. By usurping the tools with which living cells manipulate DNA, biologists can cut the genetic material at chosen points and amplify target segments for further study. Techniques and software for sequencing the order of chemical units in DNA are now so sophisticated that the full human gene set seems likely to be sequenced within the next ten years. It is only a matter of time before biologists catalogue the 75,000 or so human genes; identify the signals that switch each gene on and off; figure out what sets of active genes characterize each of the 200 or so major types of human cells, and determine how the consortium of interacting cells, and determine how the consortium of interacting cell types operates as an organism. Such knowledge has larger consequences than scientists can deal with alone. Genes do not determine everything, but they set the boundaries of an individual’ s full potential. They probably decree major elements of personality and intelligence. They create a predisposition to various diseases. Knowledge of how the human machine is assembled implies the knowledge to repair, refine and improve it. The first attempts at gene therapy have mostly stumbled, but the technique will surely be made to work eventually. The idea of correcting defective genes is not particularly controversial. But a fundamental solution to the creeping burden of Medicare — equipping every embryo with a birthright package of genes for good health, longevity and aversion to nicotine and violence — would raise knottier issues. Critics will doubtlessly warn darkly of dangerous knowledge. But more knowledge is generally better than less. Molecular biology, long gathering speed, is about to take off. It is almost ready to become a spectator sport, not just a private club for academics and biotechnology companies.

Modern medicine has grown by means of a tradition that is almost 2,400 years old. Its practices are said to have begun on the Greek island of Cos, near the western coast of Asia Minor, where a school arose around the teachings of Hippocrates. Today the name of Hippocrates is mentioned most frequently in discussions of the Hippocratic Oath. But the Hippocratic physicians at that time did far more than introduce the oath from which the codes of today’ s medical ethics have developed. Perhaps the single most striking difference between the doctors of the Hippocratic school and all others at that time, was in their firm stand that the causes of disease should no longer be related to the influence of supernatural forces. It was the Hippocratic physicians who popularized the belief that the origins of illness were to be found in observable natural factors that influenced the functions of the body. Attempts were made to relate specific symptoms to actual internal or environmental causes, rather than to the interference of displeased gods. This was a departure from physicians who were used to seeking cures by appealing to the gods with prayer and sacrifice. As time passed other Greek physicians rejected this mysticism as well and replaced it with the thesis that the causes and cures of every disease are not only quite natural but also discoverable through the careful study of each patient. Thus curiosity, keenness of observation and the value of precise record keeping became a priority in the new philosophy of care. In this way knowledge of individual physicians became the knowledge of all. So, over the course of several hundred years, a literature, later known as Hippocratic Corpus, was created, forming the basis of all medical practice. Since that time, the accumulated and recorded knowledge of one generation has been passed on to the next through literature and via those who teach their successors. Docere, the Latin word from which the word doctor is derived, means “to teach.“

Back in the dark ages, circa 1981, children all over the world were dying of bacterial meningitis. Hemophilus influenza type b(Hib)- the primary culprit - struck one in 200 kids in the United States alone, and a quarter of those who survived the infection suffered brain damage or hearing loss. Today, thanks to a new generation of vaccines, Hib is a rarity. Infection rates have fallen by more than 90 percent in developed countries, and some have vanquished the microbe entirely. Smallpox and polio have followed the same arc, and for the same reason. Vaccines, says Dr. Margaret Liu of the California-based Aviron Corp., have had “the greatest impact on human health of any medical intervention.“ The revolution isn’ t over. Armed with new tools for manipulating genes and proteins, scientists are now concocting vaccines to fight everything from food poisoning to cervical cancer. At the same time, they’ re discovering radical new ways to produce compounds that generate immunity. If the new strategies work, future vaccines won’t be manufactured in costly laboratories or doled out through needles. We’ll cull them cheaply from genetically altered fruits, vegetables or farm animals - and we’ll consume them in pills, ointments and nose sprays. Dozens of new compounds are in the works. And together with existing vaccines, they could prevent 12 million deaths a year worldwide. Now California-based Aviron Corp. is using a live, weakened pathogen to create a flu vaccine that can be placed in a nasal spray. Unlike conventional flu shots, which rely on killed viruses to rouse the immune system, Aviron’ s FluMist employs a live virus that thrives in cool climate of the nose and throat but perishes in warmer regions of the body. The bug provokes a vigorous response in the mucosal tissues that flu viruses invade, but its heat aversion keeps it from invading other tissues. Studies published this spring confirm that FluMist is effective. If approved by the FDA, it could reach the market as early as this fall.

W: I’ll never speak to Lucy again. I’ ve had enough of her. M: How come? You used to be close friends. Q: What does the man want to know? When they will make up again. Why the woman doesn’ t want to talk to Lucy. What happened to Lucy. Why they were close friends in the past.

What can be inferred from the passage?

Which of the following is NOT a Hippocratic idea?

The chief difference between Hippocratic physicians and other physicians lies in their different attitudes towards______.

The phrase “the codes of today’ s medical ethics“ in paragraph one means______.

Modern medicine______.