Last week, you recall, we discussed the early development of railroads in the United States. Today I want to mention an even earlier form of transportation, one that brought the first European settlers to America. And that’s the wooden sailing ship. From colonial times sailing ships were vital to the economy. Many coastal towns depended on fishing or whaling for employment and income. This was especially true in the northeastern states. And there the wood from nearby forests and the skills of local designers and workers also formed the basis of an important shipbuilding industry. But the big profits were to be made on trade with far-away places. And since sea captains often became part owners of their ships, they had a strong interest in the commercial success of their voyages. So these Yankees, that’s what US sailors and officers came to be called, they carried on a very profitable trade with other parts of the world. The high point of this trade came in the mid-19th century with the introduction of the clipper ship, the enormous Yankee clippers with huge sails reaching nearly two hundred feet into sky. He’d carry passengers and cargo from New York around South America to San Francisco in less than three months and clear to China in just half a year. At that time this seemed unbelievably fast and efficient. But in the 1860s, more reliable steam-powered ship began to take over. And soon the important role of sailing ships in the US economy would come to an end. Nineteenth-century sea captains. The development of the steamship. The economic importance of sailing ships. Employment in the fishing and whaling industries.

1. 随着生活水平和医疗水平的提高，我们身边的老人日渐增多。 2. 作为大学生，能为他们做些什么 3. 这样做的原因 Taking Care of the Old

How ATMs Work? You’re short on cash, so you walk over to the automated teller machine (ATM), insert your card into the card reader, respond to the prompts on the screen, and within a minute you walk away with your money and a receipt. Have you ever wondered about the process that makes your bank funds available to you at an ATM on the other side of the country? ATM Card vs. Check Card As an alternative to writing checks and using a credit card, most major banks have teamed up with major credit-card companies to issue check cards. Check cards are different from straight ATM cards in a couple of ways. First,check cards are also known as debit cards because of how they work—instead of getting credit for your purchase and receiving a monthly bill,like you do with a credit card, a check/debit card deducts money from your checking or savings account. Also, while you can only use your ATM card at the ATM machine (and some grocery stores), you can use a check card at most retailers that accept credit cards. There are exceptions. Some hotels and rental car services only accept credit cards because it’s easier, cheaper, and less of a risk to them than check cards. Those that do accept check cards often put a certain amount of money in your bank account “on hold“ (unavailable to you) usually the cost of the room or rental including taxes and other fees, plus a percentage of the total or a fee to cover possible damages. When you check out of the hotel or turn in your rental car, the difference between the“hold’amount and what you’re actually billed is released back into your account. This is something to consider when using your debit card to reserve a hotel room or rent a car. The Way ATMs Work An ATM is simply a data terminal with two input and four output devices. Like any other data terminal, the ATM has to connect to, and. communicate through, a host processor. The host processor is analogous to an Internet service provider (ISP) in that it is the gateway through which all the various ATM networks become available to the cardholder (the person wanting the cash). Most host processors can support either leased-line or dialup machines. Leased-line machines connect directly to the host processor through a four-wire, point-to-point, dedicated telephone line. Dialup ATMs connect to the host processor through a normal phone line using a modem and a toll-free number, or through an Internet service provider using a local access number dialed by modem. Leased-line ATMs are preferred for very high-volume locations because of their thru-put capability, and dial-up ATMa are preferred for retail merchant locations where cost is a greater factor than thru-put. The initial cost for a dial-up machine is less than half that for a leased-line machine. The monthly operating costs for dial-up are only a fraction of the costs for leased-line. The host processor may be owned by a bank or financial institution, or it may be owned by an independent service provider. Bank-owned processors normally support only bank-owned machines, whereas the independent processors support merchant-owned machines. Sensing Bills The cash-dispensing mechanism has an electric eye that counts each bill as it exits the dispenser. The bill count and all of the information pertaining to a particular transaction is recorded in a journal. The journal information is printed out periodically and a hard copy is maintained by the machine owner for two years. Whenever a cardholder has a dispute about a transaction, be or she can ask for a journal printout showing the transaction, and then contact the host processor. If no one is available to provide the journal printout, the cardholder needs to notify the bank or institution that issued the card and fill out a form that will be faxed to the host processor. It is the host processor’a responsibility to resolve the dispute. Besides the electric eye that counts each bill, the cash-dispensing mechanism also has a sensor that evaluates the thickness of each bill. If two bills are stuck together, then instead of being dispensed to the cardholder they are diverted to a reject bin. The same thing happens with a bill that is excessively worn, torn, or folded. The number of reject bills is also recorded so that the machine owner can be aware of the quality of bills that are being loaded into the machine. A high reject rate would indicate a problem with the bills or with the dispenser mechanism. Settlement Funds When a cardholder wants to do an ATM transaction, he or she provides the necessary information by means of the card reader and keypad. The ATM forwards this information to the host processor, which routes the transaction request to the cardholder’s bank or the institution that issued the card. If the cardholder is requesting cash, the host processor causes an electronic funds transfer to take place from the customer’s bank account to the host processor’s account. Once the funds are transferred to the host processor’s bank account, the processor sends an approval code to the ATM authorizing the machine to dispense the cash. The processor then transfers the cardholder’s funds into the merchant’s bank account, usually the next bank business day. In this way, the merchant is reimbursed for all funds dispensed by the ATM. ATM Security ATMs keep your personal identification number (PIN) and other information safe by using encryption (加密) software such as Triple DES (Data Encryption Standard). But there are lots of things that you can do to protect your information and your money at an ATM. Many banks recommend that you select your own PIN. Visa offers the following PIN tips: Don’t write down your PIN. If you must write it down, do not store it in your wallet or purse. Make your PIN a series of letters or numbers that you can easily remember, but that cannot easily be associated with you personally-such as birth dates, initials, house numbers or your phone number. Visa also recommends the following tips for safe ATM usage, Store your ATM card in your purse or wallet, in an area where it won’t get scratched or bent. Get your card out before you approach the ATM. You’ll be more vulnerable to attack if you’re standing in front of the ATM, fumbling through your wallet for your card. Stand directly in front of the ATM keypad when typing in your PIN. This prevents anyone waiting to use the machine from seeing your personal information. After your transaction, take your receipt, card and money away. Do not stand in front of the machine and count your money. If you are using a drive-up ATM, get your vehicle as close to the machine as possible to prevent anyone from coming up to your window. Also make sure that your doors are locked before you drive up to the machine. Do not leave your car running while using a walk-up ATM. Take your keys with you and lock the doors before your transaction. If someone or something makes you uncomfortable, cancel your transaction and leave the machine immediately. Follow up with your bank to make sure the transaction was cancelled and alert the bank to any suspicious people. For safety reasons, ATM users should seek out a machine that is located in a well-lighted public place. Federal law requires that only the last four digits (阿拉伯数字)of the cardholder’s account number be printed on the transaction receipt so that when a receipt is left at the machine location, the account number is secure. However, the entry of your four-digit personal identification number (PIN) on the keypad should still be ob- scured from observation, which can be done by positioning your hand and body in such a way that the PIN entry cannot be recorded by store cameras or store employees. The cardholder’s PIN is not recorded in the journal, but the account number is. If you protect your PIN, you protect your account.By using a check card, a consumer receives credit as well as a monthly bill when a buying is done.

The woman may take the next train as well. The woman has been late for the train for one hour. Someone gave the wrong information to the woman. The woman should wait patiently until he got a schedule.

We know then that in the US, it’s the job of Congress to propose new laws, which we call bills, and perhaps to modify these bills and then write on them. But even if the bill is passed in Congress, it still doesn’t become a law until the President has a chance to review it, too. And if it’s not to the President’s liking, the bill can be vetoed or killed in either of two ways. One is by a veto message. The President has ten days to veto the bill by returning it to Congress, along with the message explaining why it’s being rejected. This keeps the bill from becoming a law unless overwhelming majorities of both Houses of Congress vote to over-right the President’s veto. Sometimes they do that. Often, lawmakers simply revise the vetoed bill and pass it again. This time, in the form the President is less likely to object to, and less likely to want to veto. The other way the President can kill a bill is by pocket veto. Here’s what happens. If the President doesn’t sign the bill within ten days, and Congress adjourns during that time, then the bill will not become law. Notice that it is only at the end of an entire session of Congress that the pocket veto can be used, not just whenever Congress takes a shorter break, say, for a summer vacation. After a pocket veto, that particular bill is dead. If a lawmaker in Congress wants to push the matter in their next session, they’ll have to start all over with a brand new version of the bill. How the President proposes new laws. How a bill is passed by lawmakers in Congress. How the President can reject a proposed law. How lawmakers can force the President to sign a bill.

It is only right that the stars should be paid in this way. Don’t the top men in industry earn 【B1】 salaries for the services they perform to their 【B2】 and their countries? Pop stars earn vast sums in foreign 【B3】 often more than large 【B4】 concerns—and the taxman can only be 【B5】 for their massive annual contributions to the 【B6】 . So who would begrudge them their rewards? It’s all very well for people in humdrum jobs to moan about the successes and 【B7】 of others. People who make envious remarks should remember that the most famous stars 【B8】 only the tip of the iceberg. For every famous star, there are hundreds of others struggling to earn a living. 【B9】 . He has chosen security and peace of mind, so there will always be a limit to what he can earn. 【B10】 . He knows at the outset that only a handful of competitors ever get to the very top. He knows that years of concentrated effort may be rewarded with complete failure. But he knows, too, that the rewards for success are very high indeed. 【B11】 . That’s the essence of private enterprise.【B1】

A simple definition for a social network is the circles of people you know. There are circles of your close friends, others include your family, and yet others are of your acquaintances from church, your job, or community life. The Internet offers yet another opportunity for developing a social network with people who share something in common with you but whose paths you wouldn’t have necessarily crossed because they reside in other states or countries. Social networking on the Internet took off in popularity several years ago. Now there are over 200 sites where you can make new friends, find a date, exchange photos or make new business connections. Examples of some popular sites on the Internet include MySpace＠AE, FaceBook and Linkedin＠AE. At MySpace you can create a private community to share photos and interests with your network of friends or family members. It’s becoming very popular with the high school and college-aged set, but the number of older adults participating on MySpace＠AE is growing rapidly. FaceBook has become very popular with anyone who has a valid email address from a registered company, and is especially popular with the college crowd. LinkedIn＠AE is a good example of a business networking site where your profile (人物简介) is more like a resume with a focus on work experience and skill sets such as engineering or marketing. Although many of these social networking sites allow you to add pictures and personal information to attract new friends, it’s very important that you remember to stay safe on the Internet. Like any other public place, you need to be protective of your personal information when you’re visiting sites on the Internet, and there are some bits of personal data that you should not share or have easily accessible on a social website. The obvious information not to publicly reveal is your actual address and phone number. In many cases you may not even want to provide your email address. It’s not wise to fill in any form with your exact birthday, the true city where you were born or your mother’s family name. There are all the types of information used by banks and credit card companies to verify (验证) your identify. A clever thief will troll (翻转) social sites gathering this sort of information in order to steal an identity. So, be mindful when you join a social networking site that not everyone who contacts you is a trustworthy individual. If you’re interested in giving social networking a try, browse a site you want to join as a “guest“ for a while or ask some of your friends what sites they belong to. Fill out only the minimal profile information when you first join. You can always add more data later when you’ve become comfortable with the social interaction you have on that site. Also remember to remove information from your profile when you leave a site to which you don’t intend to return.What’s the main point of this passage? Human beings are trying to find a powerful and secure way to communicate through Internet. Social networking lets the human beings communicate with friends online easily and perfectly. Social networking provides us a more convenient way to communicate with people online. Human beings are spending more time communicating through Internet rather than talking in real life.

With today’s advancements in communications combined with computers and handhold devices, we now have multiple ways to connect and socialize regardless of the distance. However, the communication method of choice is often dictated by one’s age, and each age group bas gravitated (受吸引) to that method with which they have become most familiar and comfortable. For example, most of those in our young generation have embraced email and cell phones. We use email to communicate with our friends or business associates because it’s easy and convenient, especially for spanning times zones. Email also allows us time to work out our thoughts as we create the message and is less intrusive than a phone call. Most of us also own cell phones, although the primary reason is often to have a means of contacting others in the event of an emergency. Also growing in popularity are services such as Skype that enable us to make free or low-cost phone calls from our computers. But many in my generation are also caught between the resistance of our parents’ older generation to new technology and the lightening-fast adoption to instant ways of connecting exhibited by our children and others of younger generations. Many older adults in our lives would rather keep in touch by means of their land-line house phone. This creates a dilemma for those of us who have become accustomed to more modern forms of communication. As our parents and grandparents age, we encourage them to take advantage of modern technology and carry a cell phone or use email so we can easily keep in touch, but they often resist bemuse of the cost and complexity. Fortunately there are some modern conveniences that do a better job of bridging the gap between today’s technology and yesterday’s comfort level. The Jitterbug cell phone, for example, was designed for seniors and is much easier to use than most other cell phones. It also offers that familiar feel of the traditional phone with its use of a dial tone and access to a friendly operator when you dial zero. And if the older adults in your life can’t afford or are overwhelmed by a computer, there are products like MyCelery (a two-way communication method using familiar fax hardware) and Presto (a communication service offering one-way delivery of photos and letters) that can help them be connected enough to enjoy the instant gratification (满意) of receiving digital pictures or a quick e-note. The younger generation is less into using email and more into instant connections using SMS (Short Message Service) ,also known as text messaging or texting, on their cell phones. One way to win brownie (核仁巧克力饼) points with your grandkids is to flex your thumbs on your cell phone keypad and send them text messages, According to a recent poll by Cingular Wireless, the majority of parents who text their children felt that it improved communications with their kids and made them easier to reach.What’s the author’s attitude toward the change of communication methods? The author shows no interest in the change of communication methods. The author thinks the new way is more convenient and helpful. The author believes it is useless to change the communication method. The author can accept the change but insist on the traditional way.

He was astonished ______ (一个身穿制服的厨师突然从门后冒了出来).

The result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labor lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of convenience and distress to the workers 【S1】______ involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards. To protect the interests of its members in the era of 【S2】______ automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary employment benefit 【S3】______ plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved with such 【S4】______ a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he would have a strong drive for planning new installments so as to 【S5】______ cause the less possible problems in jobs and job assignment. Such 【S6】______ unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, required that 【S7】______ permanently dismissed workers are paid a sum of money based 【S8】______ on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the “improvement factor“, that calls for wage increases based 【S9】______ on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labor will rely mainly on reduction in working hour in order to gain 【S10】______ a full share in the fruits of automation.【S1】

W: Hi, Sam, I hate to bother you but I wonder if I could have a word with you? M: Sounds so serious. What’s up? W: Well, the landlord just informed me that he’s going to increase our rent by two hundred. I’m wondering how you feel about it. M: How do I feel about it? No way! In our tenancy agreement, it says he will have to give us a notice three months in advance if he wants to increase the rent. W: Yeah, that’s right! It’s gotta be three months later. Well, I think he realizes his rental fee is below the market rate and he must be feeling a bit ripped off when he could be charging a couple hundred extra. What do you think, Sam? Should we agree to the raise or find somewhere else? M: Good question. I’m not sure either. The location we’re at now is quite convenient. Close to the grocery and near the Subway. It’ll be hard to find another location like this one. W: I wonder whether he’ll allow room for negotiation. Perhaps a hundred dollars instead of two. Maybe he might be more willing to give a bit if we Speak to him right away. M: Well, he seems to be a nice guy to talk to. But what if he refuses? Would you go for two then? W: Well, I guess I would, since it’ll be hard to find such a convenient location. Besides, it’s close to my school and I can sleep a little later in the mornings. M: Ha! I figured that’s what you’d be concerned about. Well, I have to give it some serious thought. I’m not sure I can afford to cough up an extra hundred a month just to make sure I can sleep in an extra 15 minutes. W: Didn’t you get your loan recently? That’ll cover what you need. Besides, if you could just stop spending so much on cafeteria snacks you’d have lots of money to spare. M: Yeah, but I’m thinking of getting a new laptop. W: Well, I tell you, there aren’t a lot of apartments that are cheaper, even with this new increase. M: I know, so when does he want us to come back on this? W: He told me to let him know this weekend. M: Sure, by then I should be able to make up my mind. Where they should move. How to negotiate with the landlord. How to fight the increase. Whether to accept an increase in rent or move.

W: Hi, Jack. Tomorrow’s the big day! You must be excited about going to France for your first international conference. M: The trip, yes, but not the preparation. W: What do you need to do except pack? M: You know how you always feel so awful whenever you make a big change in time zones? This time I’m trying an anti-jet-lag program so I’ll be alert even for the first day’s lectures. W: But how can you avoid jet lag? With that late flight and a six-hour difference in time, it’s bound to take you a couple of days to adjust. M: Well this program’s supposed to get your body to feel like it’s in the new time zone before you leave. The theory is that the food you eat actually tells your body when to be active and when to be restful, so changing your diet can help you be ready’ for the time change. You have to alternate feasting and fasting ... you know sometimes eat a lot, sometimes just a little. W: OK. Now I see why you’re not enjoying the preparation. I can’t quite picture you fasting! M: Actually the worst is already over. Two days before the flight, you’re supposed to have only light meals and limit yourself to eight hundred calories. W: That must have been tough. M: Yeah, but I’m making up for it today. Feast day is much better ... though I still don’t get to eat any snacks after dinner. New foods to try when traveling. Making reservations for the best travel. Avoiding gaining weight while traveling. Adjusting to time changes when traveling.

Last week, you recall, we discussed the early development of railroads in the United States. Today I want to mention an even earlier form of transportation, one that brought the first European settlers to America. And that’s the wooden sailing ship. From colonial times sailing ships were vital to the economy. Many coastal towns depended on fishing or whaling for employment and income. This was especially true in the northeastern states. And there the wood from nearby forests and the skills of local designers and workers also formed the basis of an important shipbuilding industry. But the big profits were to be made on trade with far-away places. And since sea captains often became part owners of their ships, they had a strong interest in the commercial success of their voyages. So these Yankees, that’s what US sailors and officers came to be called, they carried on a very profitable trade with other parts of the world. The high point of this trade came in the mid-19th century with the introduction of the clipper ship, the enormous Yankee clippers with huge sails reaching nearly two hundred feet into sky. He’d carry passengers and cargo from New York around South America to San Francisco in less than three months and clear to China in just half a year. At that time this seemed unbelievably fast and efficient. But in the 1860s, more reliable steam-powered ship began to take over. And soon the important role of sailing ships in the US economy would come to an end. Nineteenth-century sea captains. The development of the steamship. The economic importance of sailing ships. Employment in the fishing and whaling industries.

A lot of people think that cultural anthropology is just about studying the special and strange aspects of a society, but anthropologists are also interested in the aspects of life that seem so ordinary that the people in the society think they’re not significant. Let me give you an example. I see lots of T-shirts here in class today, but you probably don’t think of them as an important part of your culture, but anthropologists could learn a lot about the culture of the US just by studying the T-shirt. For one thing, T-shirts are a mark of how casual clothing has become in America. No one was quite sure where they came from, but the T-shirt first became popular in this country as an undershirt for Sellers in the 1940s. Then in the 1950s, it became a sign of rebellion for teenagers to wear this white undershirt by itself, not under anything. By the 1960s and 70s, T-shirts had become accepted as part of the uniform views. You could even say that they came to symbolize that generation’s attitude towards informality and all things, including dress. Another aspect that anthropologists would find interesting is that T-shirts are used to express personal opinions. Look around this room, you know who likes watching TV shows, who went where on vacation, who belongs to what organizations on campus. All of these aspects of our culture are printed on your T-shirts. OK, I want to stop for a minute and ask you to try to write down five different conclusions you could reach about American culture from just the T-shirts in this classroom. The effect of ordinary aspects of life on anthropology. A good source of information about a society. Attitudes toward culture in the 1940’s. The relationship between anthropology and military.

The value of childhood is easily blurred in today’s world. Consider some recent developments: the child-murderers in the Jonesboro. schoolyard shooting case were convicted and sentenced. Two boys, 7 and 8, were charged in the murder of an Il-year-old girl in Chicago. Children who commit horrible crimes appear to act of their own will. Yet, as legal proceedings in Jonesboro showed, the one boy who was able to address the court couldn’t begin to explain his acts, though he tried to apologize. There may have been a motive-youthful jealousy and resentment. But a deeper question remains; why did these boys and others in similar trouble apparently lack any inner, moral restraint? That question echoes for the accused in Chicago, young as they are. They wanted the glrl’s bicycle, a selfish impulse common enough among kids. Redemption is a practical necessity. How can value be restored to young lives distorted by acts of violence? The boys in Jonesboro and in Chicago will be confined in institutions for a relatively short time. Despite horror at what was done, children are not--cannot be--dealt with as adults, not if a person wants to consider himself civilized. That’s why politicians’ cries for adult treatment of youthful criminals ultimately miss the point. But the moral void that invites violence has many sources. Family instability contributes. So does economic stress. That void, however, can be filled. The work starts with parents, who have to ask themselves whether they’re doing enough to give their children a firm sense of right and wrong. Are they really monitoring their activities and their developing processes of thought? Schools, too, have a role in building character. So do youth organizations. So do law enforcement agencies, which can do more to inform the young about laws, their meaning, and their observance. The goal, ultimately, is to allow an children a normal passage from childhood to adulthood, so that tragic gaps in moral judgment are less likely to occur. The relative few who fill such gaps with acts of violence hint at many others who don’t go that far, but who lack the moral foundations childhood should provide--and which progressive human society relies on.Obviously, the boys in Jonesboro and Chicago do not have any ______.

Ten days ago, he asked me ______ (第二天我是否要去纽约).

The output of the factory ______ (这几年简直翻了一番).

Sports are so popular on campus ______ (它们已经成为高等教育不可缺少的一部分).

After winning the $10 000 lottery, Sam ______ (花起钱来就好像百万富翁似的).