Humanism originated in the study of classical culture, and humanities disciplines included grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and ethics. These subjects were all studied, whenever possible, in the original classical texts. The humanities curriculum conflicted directly with more traditional education that was based on scholasticism(经院哲学). A scholastic education concentrated on the study of logic, natural philosophy (science), and metaphysics, or the nature of reality. Scholars often clashed sharply over these two systems of education. Underlying the differences between these two philosophies was the humanists’ deep conviction that society had outgrown older ways of thought. According to the humanists, these ways of thought emphasized abstract speculation and relied too heavily on Christian teachings. Many of the humanists were townspeople who were not directly associated with the church. These urban residents tended to object to an educational system that was largely monopolized by the clergy and oriented to clerical needs. Humanists were accustomed to the ever-changing, concrete activities of city life and found the rigid and closed systems of abstract thought to be both useless and irrelevant. In sum, humanism reflected the new environment of the Renaissance. Its essential contribution to the modern world was not its concern with antiquity, but its flexibility and openness to all the possibilities of life. Renaissance(文艺复兴) humanism was complex, with few unifying features beyond a common belief that humanity and society could be improved through a new kind of education based on a study of the classics. Humanists varied widely in the ways they applied these ideas to areas that interested them. Some humanists were mainly interested in rhetoric and Latin prose style, while others analyzed ancient texts to determine exact meanings. One group focused on ways to improve society in general, while Christian humanism applied the techniques of humanist scholarship to the study of church documents, particularly the Bible.Why were the humanities subjects required to be studied in the original classical text? The humanists believed that those texts were the best ones. Humanism took its origin in classical works in many fields. The humanists disliked their contemporary works. The humanists wanted to be different from scholasticism.

Some of the most practical lessons coming out of research in psychology are in the area of memory. People ask, why can’t I remember that term from the physics chapter or that the library books are due? Many people, memory may be weak, because they don’t use it enough. It’s like a muscle. If you don’t exercise it, it won’t get strong. That’s why it’s important to keep our mind active, to keep on learning throughout our life. We can do this by reading, playing memory games and seeking out new experiences. It’s my guess, though, that the lack of stimulation isn’t a problem for students like you. More likely, the lives you live are so busy and stimulating that this in itself may sometimes interfere with learning. Later on I will discuss how information is recalled from memory. But, first, the information needs to be recorded, in other words, learned. And for busy people like you and me, that is where the real problem often lies. If we are distracted, or we are trying to think what we are going to do next, the incoming message just might not be getting recorded effectively. And that leads to the first tip for students who want to improve their memories. Give your full attention to the information you hope to retain. Research clearly shows the advantages of this, and also of active learning, of consciously trying to visualize a new fact, perhaps to make a mental picture, even a wild ridiculous one, so the new fact will stick in our memory. Let me illustrate that for you here a little more concretely this evening. Factors that affect the ability to memorize. The influence of childhood memories oil adulthood. A proposal for future psychological research. Benefits of a busy lifestyle.

It used to be that mentally retarded children were treated like criminals, nor was there any distinction made between the mentally retarded and the insane. Both were simply locked away in institutions where conditions differed little from those in prisons. The children were abused. Medical and nutritional needs were neglected, and no attempt was made to educate them. Today, the outlook for the mentally retarded has improved greatly. We have learned that although it requires a great deal of time and expense, these unfortunate youngsters can be taught to play a useful role in society. One of the newest approaches to the problem of mental retardation is called the group home treatment. The group home allows both mentally retarded children and adults to live in private homes under the supervision of one or more specially trained coordinators. One reason for this approach is to humanize the residencies so that the mentally retarded do not feel that they are being hidden away. Middle-class and upper middle-class residential areas are chosen for these group homes. The homes adapt the children to normal life, and at the same time they adapt normal people to the retarded. The purpose is not to replace the family but to establish a similar environment. Kindly. Badly. Like dogs. Like criminals.

The problems which face with learners of English can S1.______ be divided into three categories: psychological, culture, S2.______ and linguistic. The largest category seems to be linguistic. When foreign learners first have the opportunity to speak to a native speaker of English, they may have a shock: they often have little difficulty in understanding spoken English S3.______ of native speakers. There are a number of reasons to this. S4.______ First, it seems to students that English people speak very S5.______ quickly. Secondly, they say with a variety of accents. Thirdly, different styles of speech are used in different situations, for example, everyday spoken English, which is colloquial and idiomatic, are different from the English S6.______ used for academic purposes. For all of these reasons students will have difficulty, mainly because we lack S7.______ practice in listening to English people speaking English. What can a student de then to overcome these difficulties? Well, obviously, he can benefit in attending S8.______ English classes and he should take every opportunity available to speak with native speakers of English. He should be aware of, however, that English people are, by S9.______ temperament, often reserved and may be willing to start a S10.______ conversation. So he should have the courage to take the initiative(主动).【S1】

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on Studying Abroad. Your composition must be based on the outline given below in Chinese. Your part of writing should be no less than 150 words. Remember to write neatly and you will be rewarded for that. 1. 有些人认为学生应该呆在自己的国家学习 2. 有些人认为学生应该到美国学习 3. 我的观点

The shirt was a good deal. The man did a bargain. The man made a bad deal. The man should ask for a refund.

Exporters are going to have to change if they hope to penetrate the large European markets. The European Union (EU) has launched a two-sided attack on packaging waste. It wants both to decrease sharply the amount of packaging waste that is generated and to increase the level of recycling necessary packaging. To accomplish these objectives, two key targets have been established. First, by 1998, 60 percent of package waste by weight has to be recoverable for recycling or other uses and by 2003, the percentage to reach 90. The second target requires that more than 10 percent by weight of the waste remains to be disposed of (e.g. in landfills). The individual EU countries are free to determine on their own by what methods they want to achieve these targets and how they will finance these necessary waste recovery infrastructures. Most countries will place the largest part of burden on those manufacturing, using, or selling packaging. Marketers have been encouraged to adopt the four environmentally correct redesign, reduce, reuse, and recycle. Germany, which has been the front-runner in issue, requires producers, importers, distributors, wholesalers, and retailers to take packaging from their customers to use or recycling independently of the public waste disposal system. These criteria will directly affect U.S. and other exporters seeking markets in Europe. If packaging-of exports does not meet the EU requirements, products may be denied entry. Exporters to the EU will seek out distributors with experience in dealing with waste management requirements. While the system is a burden, it offers some benefits. Cutting down on packaging can save on materials and shipping costs. The US should catch up to European environmental standards. American exporters must adapt to new regulations in Europe. The US should be more sensitive to environmental issues. The EU’s new regulations are a burden.

There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this (36)______ drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male (37)______ is being changed. Now, boy babies (38)______ almost as well as girls do. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby(particularly a boy baby)surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy (39)______ almost certain death. Today it makes almost no (40)______. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone. There is another way to (41)______ evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as (42)______ as in the past. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become (43)______. Again, (44)____________. For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. (45)____________. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his Comprehension.“ No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. (46)____________.

It happened one morning 20 years ago. British scientist Alec Jeffrey stumbled upon DNA fingerprinting: He identified the patterns of genetic(基因的) material that are unique to almost every individual. His discovery changed everything from the way we do criminal investigations to the way we decide family law. But the professor of genetics at the University of Leicester, UK, is still surprised, and a bit worded, by the power of the technology he released upon the world. The patterns within DNA are unique to each individual, except identical twins, who share the same pattern. The ability to identify these patterns has been used to convict murderers and to clear people who are wrongly accused. It is also used to identify the victims of war and settle disputes over who is the father of a child. Jeffrey said he and his colleagues made the discovery by accident while tracking genetic variations. But, within six months of the discovery, genetic fingerprinting had been used in an immigration case, to prove that an African boy really was his parents’ son. In 1986, it was used for the first time in a British criminal case: It cleared one suspect after being accused of two rapes and murders and helped convict another man. DNA testing is now very common. In Britain, a national criminal database established in 1995 now contains 2.5 million DNA samples(样本). The U.S. and Canada are developing similar systems. But there are fears about the stored DNA samples and how they could be used to harm a person’s privacy. That includes a person’s medical history, racial origin or psychological profile. “There is the long-term risk that people can get into these samples and start getting additional information about a person’s paternity or risk of disease,“ Jeffrey said. DNA testing is not an unfailing proof of identity. Till, it is considered a reasonably reliable system for determining the things it is used for. Jeffrey’s estimates(估计) the probability of two individuals’ DNA profiles matching in the most commonly used tests at between one in a billion or one in a trillion.The passage is mainly about ______. the discovery of fingerprinting by Jeffery the practice of fingerprinting in court the fingerprinting in the present situation the merits and demerits of fingerprinting

Police fired tear gas and arrested more than 5,000 passively resisting protestors Friday in an attempt to break up the largest antinuclear demonstration ever staged in the United States. More than 135,000 demonstrators confronted police on the construction site of a 1,000-megawatt nuclear power plant scheduled to provide power to most of southern New Hampshire. Organizers of the huge demonstration said, the pretest was continuing despite the police actions. More demonstrators were arriving to keep up the pressure on state authorities to cancel the project. The demonstrator had charged that the project was unsafe in the densely populated area, would create thermal pollution in the bay, and had no acceptable means for disposing of its radioactive wasters. The demonstrations would go on until the jails and the courts were so overloaded that the state judicial system would collapse. Governor Stanforth Thumper insisted that there would be no reconsideration of the power project and no delay in its construction set for completion in three years. “This project will begin on time and the people of this state will begin to receive its benefits on schedule. Those who break the law in misguided attempts to sabotage the project will be dealt with according to the law,“ he said And. police called in reinforcements from all over the state to handle the disturbances. The pretests began before dawn Friday when several thousand demonstrators broke through police lines around the cordoned-off(用警戒线隔离) construction site. They carried placards that read “No Nukes(核能发电厂) is Good Nukes,“ “Sunpower, Not Nuclear Power,“ and “Stop Private Profits from Public Peril.“ They defied police order to move from the area. Tear gas canisters fired by police failed to dislodge the protestors who had come prepared with their own gas masks or facecloths. Finally gas-masked and helmeted police charged into the crowd to drag off the demonstrators one by one. The protestors did not resist police, but refused to walk away under their own power. Those arrested would be charged with un-lawful assembly, trespassing, and disturbing the peace.What were the demonstrators protesting about?

They delivered this report to ______(把公众注意力从总统性丑闻上引开).

_______(面对疾病的意外爆发), all of us braved difficulties and hardships in an indomitable and innovative spirit.

Exterior Painting Getting Started Painting the exterior of your house is a huge job. But the rewards are great too. With a minimum investment in tools and materials, you’ll save thousands of dollars, extend the life of your siding and increase the value of your home. Best of all, you’ll make it look like new again. While you may spend less than $1,000 on painting tools and materials, the same job done by a pro(专业人员) could easily cost $5,000 to $10,000 or more. The savings come at a cost, though. A good paint job requires countless hours of careful preparation. Plan to devote an entire summer to prepare and paint even a medium-size house. Completing a top-quality exterior paint job requires more than patience and perseverance. You’ll need a sharp eye, a steady hand and a bit of practice to paint straight lines. In addition, you’ll need the strength to move and set up tall ladders, and the confidence to work from them once they’re in place. Applying topcoats (the final coats of paint) doesn’t require much equipment beyond what you’ve already accumulated for scraping and priming. We recommend buying at least two top-quality synthetic-bristle brushes for applying the latex paint(乳胶漆): one brush ($15 to $20) for large areas and a brush ($9 to $12) for detail work. For applying paint to large areas of shingles(屋顶板), stucco(涂饰墙壁的灰泥) or brick, buy a roller(滚筒). Paint Stores Can Help With Colors and Quantities Choosing exterior paint colors that complement(与……相配) the architectural details of your house and fit the character of your neighborhood is the first step to a great paint job. Check out bookstores and libraries for books on the subject. You’ll find brochures(小册子) at the paint store with collections of historic colors. Many paint stores have designers who can help you choose colors, or you could hire a designer or architect. Buy a quart(夸脱) of each color you’ve chosen and paint the entire color scheme on a small area of your house before committing to gallons(大量使用). If you don’t like the results, change the colors and try again. Next take rough measurements of your house, noting the type of surface. Count the doors and windows. With this information, paint store employees can help you calculate the amount of paint you’ll need. Buy the best paint you can afford. Good-quality paint is easier to apply, covers better and lasts longer. We recommend buying paint with a slight sheen, either satin or eggshell. It’s more fade resistant(不易退色) and easier to clean than flat paint. Check the Weather Avoid painting in direct sunlight. The heat dries the paint too fast, making it nearly impossible to avoid blistering(起泡) and peeling(剥落). Avoid painting on very windy days. The wind causes the paint to dry too fast and can blow dirt into wet paint. Don’t apply latex paint when the temperature is below 50 degrees ℉ unless it’s formulated for cold-weather application. Read the label to be sure. Don’t paint when there’s a chance of rain. Plan a Strategy for the Most Efficiency In general, work from the top down. Paint large areas first and details last. Where two colors meet, allow time for the first color to dry before returning to apply the second color. For example, paint the window sash(the movable part) early in the day and return to paint the frame around the sash. Avoid These Common Problems Brush marks left at the beginning and end of a brush stroke are a common problem that’s easy to avoid. Start every brush stroke in an unfinished area, at an edge, or against door or window trim. Then brush toward the finished area and sweep the brush up and off the work in the same movement. If you stop the brush and then lift it off or set the brush down on a finished area to start the stroke, it will leave extra paint, which shows up as a brush mark or darker spot. Runs(油漆刷得过厚引起的挂流) are best avoided by constant vigilance(观察). Check back on your work as you go, paying special attention to inside comers and edges where paint is likely to build up and run. If the paint hasn’t begun to dry, brush out the run. Otherwise, allow the run to dry completely. Then sand it off with grit paper(砂纸)and touch up the spot with fresh paint. Paint Like a Pro With These Techniques You can improve your painting skills by understanding the strategy pros use. They break down the painting process into two steps. The goal of the first step, called “laying on“ the paint, is to get the paint onto the surface in the quickest, most efficient way possible. Don’t worry about smoothing it out yet. Use a brush, roller or sprayer(喷漆器) for this step and apply enough paint to cover the surface without creating runs. Cover an area just large enough to allow you to go back and smooth it before the paint starts to dry. Since heat, humidity and the type of paint you’re using all influence drying time, you’ll have to experiment as you start to paint to get a feel for how large an area you can safely cover before returning to smooth it out. The most common mistake beginning painters make is spending too much time and effort laying on the paint. A few quick strokes is all that’s needed. Then reload the brush and cover the next area. Once you’ve got a small area covered, you’re ready for step two, laying off the paint. First use your brush to spread the paint evenly over the surface and then finish up with long, continuous brush strokes. The goal is to completely cover(but not necessarily hide) the previous layer of paint with a smooth, even layer of paint. This step must be done immediately after the paint is laid on and before the paint starts to dry. You may be wondering how to tell if you’re applying enough paint. Unfortunately, there’s no exact formula. In general, you’ll have better success applying two thin coats than struggling to apply one thick coat of paint. Thin coats dry more thoroughly and don’t cause problems like runs, sags and paint buildup that are associated with heavy layers of paint. Your goal is to get enough paint on the surface to allow the brush to glide smoothly, but not leave so much that it forms runs.In doing exterior painting, one usually pays more for the brushes for large areas than for those for detail work. Y N NG

M: Well, madam, the first and the most important thing I have to tell you is that there is really nothing seriously wrong with you, physically that is. The analyst’s report shows that basically you are very fit. W: So, why is it doctor that I’m always so nervy...tense...ready to jump on anybody—my husband, children, and colleagues? M: I think your condition has a lot to do with your habits. W: Habits? M: Yes...now tell me, madam, you smoke, don’t you? W: Yes, I’m afraid I do, doctor. M: And, very heavily, I imagine. W: Yes, quite heavily. M: What do you eat normally? W: I’m a good eater. Yes I’d say I’m a good cater. But I usually, I don’t eat breakfast. M: That’s bad for your health. I think you should get up early and have breakfast. And, another question, do you get up early? W: No, I usually get up at 9:00. I get up late because I go to bed too late. I stay up late watching TV till the midnight. M: What sport do you usually do? W: I don’t like sports. But sometime I play cards with some friends, that may be my sport. M: I think, madam, for your health, you’d better change your way of life. W: Could you tell me a bit about why you wanted to be a doctor and how you first got into the medical profession? The patient is physically ill. The patient is mentally ill. The patient is basically fit. The patient is nervous.

Narrator: First we heard medical studies saying that caffeine in coffee was probably bad for the heart, but recent research showed that coffee may be good for the cardiovascular system, that left coffee lovers like Corrine Mckillop to wonder. Corrine Mckillop: I’d like to know which it is. It’s very confusing. Is it good or is it not good? Narrator: Well, a new study may explain the conflicting information. According to the research, coffee can be both good and bad. It all depends on you and which version of a gene you have. Dr. Sean Kenniff: Researchers believe that about haft of us axe carrying a gene that allows the body to break down caffeine quickly. The rest of us have the type of gene that more slowly metabolizes the stimulant. Narrator: In the study scientists discovered coffee drinkers with the faster version of the gene had no increased risk of heart disease; however, people with the gene that breaks down caffeine slowly had a significantly higher risk. Dr. Sean Kenniff: When the caffeine circulates in your body for a long period of time, you might in fact experience adverse health consequences from that. Now all of us want to know the same thing. Corrine Mckillop: Well. I’d like to find out what gene I have. Narrator: Well, that’s the bad news. There is a test to find out, but it probably won’t be readily available for a while. So what to do until then, the answer is, in a word—moderation. The study also found that people with a slower gene can limit their risk if they limit their coffee to one or two cups a day. The influence of coffee on the heart. What kind of gene is beneficial to people. How to find out what gene one has. How many cups of coffee people should have each day.

Television is now playing a very important part in our life. But television, like other things, has both advantages and disadvantages. Do the former overweighs the latter? In the first【B1】, television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also a(n) 【B2】cheap one. For a family of four, for example, it is more【B3】as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment【B4】, than to go out in【B5】of other sorts of entertainment【B6】. They do not have to pay for expensive seats at the theater, the cinema, or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is【B7】. All they have to do is【B8】a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to【B9】political discussions and the【B10】exciting football match. Some people,【B11】, maintain that this is precisely where the danger lies. The television viewer【B12】no initiative. He makes no choice and exercises no judgment. He is completely【B13】and has everything presented to him without any effort【B14】his part. Television, it is often said, keeps one【B15】about current events, allows one to【B16】the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless【B17】of programs which are both instructive and【B18】. The most distant countries and the strangest customs are brought right into one’s sitting room. 【B19】here again there is a danger. We get so used to looking at it, so dependent on its sparkling pictures, that it begins to【B20】our lives.【B1】 position action place point

The industrial output of this year has______(比去年增加了四倍).

I’ve tried to ______(对他的荒谬的行为采取容忍的态度).

It was a year in which we ______(改革开放取得显著成就).

Humanities curriculum differs from the scholastic education ______.

Being townspeople, humanists ______.

Humanism during the Renaissance ______.

The article can be best titled as ______.