One chilly autumn morning in 1945, five thousand shoppers crowded the pavements outside Gimbels Department Store in New York City. The day before, Gimbels had taken out a full-page newspaper advertisement in the New York Times, announcing the sale of the first ballpoint pens in the United States—the new writing instrument. [*] In fact, this “new“ pen was not new after all, and was just the latest development in a long search for the best way to deliver ink to paper. In 1884 Lewis Waterman had patented the fountain pen, giving him the sole rights to manufacture it. This marked a significant leap forward in writing technology, but fountain pens soon became notorious for leaking. In 1888, a leather tanner named John Loud devised and patented the first “ rolling-pointed marker pen“ for marking leather. Loud’ s design contained a reservoir of ink in a cartridge and a rotating ball point that was constantly bathed on one side with ink. Loud’ s pen was never manufactured, however, and over the next five decades, 350 additional patents were issued for similar ball-type pens, though none advanced beyond the design stage. Each had their own faults, but the major difficulty was the ink: if the ink was thin, the pens leaked, and if it was too thick, they clogged. Depending on the climate or air temperature, sometimes the pens would do both. Almost fifty years later, Ladislas and Georg Biro, two Hungarian brothers, came up with a solution to this problem. They set about making models of new pen designs and creating better inks to use in them. Ladislas was determined to construct a pen using the same type of ink. Georg came up with the idea of fitting his pen with a tiny ball bearing in its tip. As the pen moved along the paper, the ball bearing rotated and picked up ink from the ink cartridge which it delivered to the paper. The first Biro pen, like the designs that had gone before it, relied on gravity for the ink to flow to the ball bearing at the tip. The Biro brothers had a rethink and eventually devised a new design, which relied on capillary action rather than gravity to feed the ink. In 1938, as World War II broke out, the Biro brothers fled to Argentina, where they applied for a patent for their pen and established their first factory. [*] The Biros ’ pen soon came to the attention of American fighter pilots, who needed a new kind of pen to use at. high altitudes. Thus fortune smiled on the Biro brothers in May 1945, when the American company “ Eversharp “ paid them $ 500, 000 for the exclusive manufacturing and marketing rights of the Biro ballpoint for the North American market. Eversharp were slow to put their pen into production, however, and this delay ultimately cost them their competitive advantage. Meanwhile, in June 1945 an American named Milton Reynolds stumbled upon the Biro pen while on vacation in Buenos Aires. Immediately seeing its commercial potential, he bought several pens and returned to Chicago, where he discovered that. Loud’ s original 1888 patent had long since expired. This meant that the ballpoint was now in the public domain, and he, therefore, wasted no time making a copy based on the Biro design. Establishing his pen company with just $26,000, Reynolds quickly set up a factory with 300 workers who began production on 6th October 1945, stamping out pens from precious scraps of aluminum that hadn’ t been used during the war for military equipment or weapons. Just 23 days later, it was Reynolds’ s ballpoint pen that caused the stampede at Gimbels Department. Store. Following the ballpoint’ s debut in New York City, Eversharp challenged Reynolds in the law courts, but lost the case because the Biro brothers had failed to secure a U. S. patent on their invention. Questions 66 ~ 70 Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.

What is Tempel 1?In this section, you will hear five short news items. Each item will be read only once. After each item, there will be a fifteen-second pause. During the pause, read the question and the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre. 16. At mission control, celebrations of a direct hit followed by first images of a huge dust cloud, evidence of success of the unmanned Deep Impact space probe after it slammed into the massive comet. While scientists at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab look for the crater carved at impact, members of the observation team tell CNN, this comet, called Tempel 1, roughly half the size of Manhattan is not a threat to Earth. Its orbit is beyond Mars, about 83 million miles away. But we asked the head of NASA’s Near Earth Object Program how many comets or asteroids are out there that could potentially threaten Earth. 17. Solidarity across Europe. A Continent joined Britain in mourning the July 7th terror bombing in London, two minutes of silence at midday. But the nervousness across the European capital since the attack is anything but silent. Across the Continent, security has been dramatically beefed up. The French government announced Monday that it will temporarily suspend the EU’s open border system. The attacks also prompted Italian officials to make a nationwide sweep against suspected extremists. 18. An update on the afternoon of Hurricane Katrina in the U.S. In the wards of one New Orleans deputy police chief on Monday： we’ve moved from chaos to organized chaos. Now there are signs of progress： repairs to broken levees have greatly reduced the flow of water into the city. Engineers also have punched holes in other levees to let water run out. Several pumping stations are up and running. Boats are still plying the flooded streets looking for stranded people. Police say getting people out of New Orleans is still their main concern, but some are refusing to leave despite the deprivation and growing risk of disease. 19. Meet Snuppy, the world’s first cloned dog. Snuppy is a 100-day-old Afghan hound created and owned by South Korean scientist Dr. Hwang Woo-suk. Last year Hwang and his team created the world’s first cloned human embryos. This year he cloned embryonic stem cells that genetically matched their patients, so why clone a canine? Stem cell researchers believe this is another step towards finding cell therapies for humans. 20. A police spokesman said most people see robberies as the theft of a physical object. But in the online age, something of far greater values can be stolen, your identity. One top scam used to reel in victims is phishing. Phishing, which spells with ph, is where somebody sends you an email. And somebody is the criminal who claims to be your trusted provider, that bank or credit union you’ve gone to forever. Maybe it’s the Internet site that hosts auctions or payments services and they say that if you log in then you’ll avoid some security problems because there’s been a problem with your account. A comet. A space probe. An asteroid. A satellite.

Dictation Listen to the passage. For questions 21-25, fill in the blanks with the exact words or phrases you hear. The Yale group found that, most of the really useful knowledge which successful people have acquired is gained during 【D1】______—but typically without conscious awareness. Although successful people’ s behaviour reflects the fact that they have this knowledge, high achievers are often unable to articulate or define what they know. This partly explains why practical intelligence has been so difficult to【D2】______. Professors found that the best way to reach practical intelligence is to ask successful people to【D3】______ of crucial incidents at work where they solve problems demonstrating skills they had learnt while doing their jobs. It would appear that one of the best ways of【D4】______your practical intelligence is to observe master practitioners at work and, in particular, to focus on the skills they have acquired while doing the job. Oddly enough, this is the basis of【D5】______. Historically, the junior doctor learnt by observing the consultant surgeon at work and the junior lawyer by assisting the senior barrister.In this section, you will hear two short passages. The passages will be read only once. After each passage, there will be a one-minute pause. During the pause, write the answers on the answer sheet. Dictation Listen to the passage. For questions 21~25, fill in the blanks with the exact words or phrases you hear. The Yale group found that most of the really useful knowledge which successful people have acquired is gained during everyday activities—but typically without conscious awareness. Although successful people’s behaviour reflects the fact that they have this knowledge, high achievers are often unable to articulate or define what they know. This partly explains why practical intelligence has been so difficult to identify. Professors found that the best way to reach practical intelligence is to ask successful people to relate examples of crucial incidents at work where they solve problems demonstrating skills they had learnt while doing their jobs. It would appear that one of the best ways of improving your practical intelligence is to observe master practitioners at work and, in particular, to focus on the skills they have acquired while doing the job. Oddly enough, this is the basis of traditional apprentice training. Historically, the junior doctor learnt by observing the consultant surgeon at work and the junior lawyer by assisting the senior barrister.

Summary Listen to the passage. For questions 26 -30, complete the notes using no more than three words for each blank. Where to Buy Thanksgiving Party Decorations 1) Party Supply Stores Party supply stores are the best place to visit if you want to go through【D6】______of Thanksgiving decorations, but their prices are a little bit higher than those in most other retail stores. 2) Discount Stores or Dollar Stores Most party products in discount stores cost around a【D7】______, and goods in dollar stores cost one dollar or less. 3) Department Stores Shopping at department stores also offers convenience and is not as【D8】______ as party supply stores. 4) Online Party Supply Shops Online shops provide a wide variety of party decorations. Buying in【D9】______ also saves your time, energy, and shipping costs. Conclusion: When shopping for Thanksgiving party decorations, 【D10】______ is the key. Choose the store that best suits your needs and your budget.Summary Listen to the passage. For questions 26~30, complete the notes using no more than three words for each blank. Are you hosting a Thanksgiving party this year? If so, you may have already started your preparations. Apart from planning the menu and the guest list, you may want to begin shopping for Thanksgiving party decorations. Before heading to a party supply store, remember to make a list of items that you need to buy. Doing this will help you save time and money. There are literally thousands of party supply stores that cater to Thanksgiving. Here’s where you can find Thanksgiving party decorations： 1. Party Supply Stores A party supply store is probably the best place to visit if you want to look at a wide array of Thanksgiving decorations. Party supply stores carry many different brands and unique designs that are not found in discount or department stores. They also have everything you need to make your own party decoration—from tools to trinkets. While the cost of shopping at a party supply store may be a little bit higher than that in most other retail stores, you are guaranteed to find exactly the kind of items you are looking for. 2. Discount Stores or Dollar Stores If you are planning a Thanksgiving party on a budget, you may want to consider shopping at a discount store or a dollar store. Discount stores offer a large number of affordable party products that cost around a dollar or two. In dollar stores, all items are priced at one dollar or less. Discount stores and dollar stores are a good option if you don’t want to spend much on party decorations. 3. Department Stores Local department stores retail items that are mid-priced. These products are not as expensive as the ones found at party supply stores, but cost a bit more than those found in dollar and discount stores. Shopping at a department store is convenient because you can buy nearly everything else you need for your party there, such as food, drinks, and snacks. 4. Online Party Supply Shops If you are planning to buy your Thanksgiving party decorations in bulk, you may want to shop at online party supply stores. Online shops provide a wide variety of party decorations, from the most common items to very unusual ones. Ordering in bulk also saves your time, energy, and shipping costs. When shopping for Thanksgiving party decorations, comparison shopping is the key. Choose the store that best suits your needs and your budget.

Many new ______ will be opened up in the future for those with a university education. adaptabilities availabilities necessities probabilities opportunities

All the mountains are stunningly beautiful, and there are______valleys and the smell of peat from every cottage. wood woods wooden wooded wooding

Once environmental damage______, it will take many years for the system to recover. has done to be done is done done been done

I enjoyed myself so much______I visited my grandparents in the countryside last year. when where because that. as

—Did you watch the 6 o’ clock programme on Channel 9 yesterday evening? I was about to watch it when someone came to see me. —Yeah! It reported some major breakthrough in cancer research.______ It, really made me feel scared. It was frequently interrupted by commercials. The programme was mainly meant, for cancer patients. People over 40 would find the programme worth watching. People of all ages should watch it.

In Greenville community centre, we will talk about what we as a community can do to help each other in severe weather. Our lovely little village is quite remote. There may be other similar-sized communities only 25 kilometres away but emergency services have to drive 500 kilometres to reach us from the closest large town. That can mean a wait of up to ten hours before help arrives. [*] Having said that, we are very lucky in that we’ ve always had our own fire service and, thanks to the arrival of Dr. Jones earlier this year, we no longer have to drive so far if anyone gets sick. What we don’ t have, and are unlikely to get in the near future, is a weather station. The National Weather Bureau can provide a lot of helpful information and even warn us about severe storms, but they can only do this if they build up a database of information and to do that they need local help. That means us. What we’ d like to do is to set up a group of volunteer storm spotters to pass information on to the Weather Bureau. What do these storm spotters have to do? Thankfully you don ’ t have to be particularly skilled at anything. Quite simply, immediately after a storm has passed, the first thing you have to do is call the national weather station to let them know. After that you have to complete a report card, which is very simple and won’ t take more than a few minutes to do. The only other thing they ask is that we keep an eye out for any reports in the local newspaper of storms or storm damage. You need to cut these out and send them in as well. Damage that makes news here is unlikely to make it into the national papers so these can be an important source of extra information. That’ s all as far as the duties go. What sort, of thing do you need to report? They don’ t want to hear about every single storm that we have, only the ones that bring some unusual conditions. For example, we don’ t need to call them just because there is hail, but we should report any hailstones that are two centimetres in diameter or bigger. They also need to know about damage caused by high wind, especially if it uproots large trees. Again, don’t contact them every time you see a tree fallen over. You should use your common sense and restrict it to those big enough to cause a problem, especially on our roads. They’ d also like to hear about very heavy rainfall and more especially any localized flash floods. What should you do if you care about our community and you want to help? Obviously you’ll need a bit more information and preparation than I’ ve given you today so we’ll be conducting a training session next month. This will only take up a day, so don’ t worry too much about it. If you do have the time and would like to come along, then you’ll need to talk to the police who are coordinating the event. And as our storm season is from November right to the end of January, you’ll need to put your name down by the end of October at the very latest, but if you’ d like to get in early, Sergeant Philips is here and he’ s happy to take names now. This really is important for our community, and we’ re hoping to get a lot of support. Questions 56 ~ 60 Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. [*]

Danielle travels around Europe. She likes Paris, but not London. She likes Frankfurt but not Bonn. She likes Amsterdam, but not Barcelona. Oh, does she like St Petersburg?

Which two of these butterflies are exactly as pretty as each other? [*]

Shona thinks there would be problems if they went on the cruise.Listen to the conversation, and mark each statement as either true(T) or false(F) according to what you hear. W: Jim, we’ve really got to sort out our holiday before everything gets booked up. Why don’t we go to that hotel in the mountains we went to last year? That was great, wasn’t it? M: Yeah, Shona, but would we enjoy it as much if we went there again? I think we should do something else this year. W: OK, I suppose you’re right. Have you got any idea then? M: Yes, I have actually. Remember that TV programme we saw about the Arctic Circle? I’d love to go there. We could do a cruise and see all that amazing scenery on the coast. W: Yes. But I remember they said the weather could be terrible. If it rained all the time we wouldn’t see the scenery. And you know I always get seasick on boats. M: Oh yeah, I forgot. That wouldn’t be much fun. Well, what about a beach holiday for a change? W: Come on! You know we’d be bored if we spent a week lying on the beach. M: Well, yes of course we would. But we’re both good swimmers. Why don’t we use the opportunity to try something new like windsurfing or sailing? W: Yes, or diving! If we learned to dive we could explore underwater and see some fantastic fish. M: The problem is, we’d have to do a course and a written test. I don’t want to spend my holiday studying. W: OK， well why don’t you do windsurfing or sailing and I’ll learn to dive. That way we will both be happy. M: Brilliant. Now we just need to decide where to go. Let’s get some brochures. If we go now the travel agents will still be open. W: No need. We can just look on the Internet. There’s more choice, and we can book it straight away. M: OK. Let’s have a look. TRUE FALSE

What did Sally Brendle find on her most recent trip?Listen to the conversation. Then read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer according to what you hear. M: Good evening and welcome to Our World. Tonight’s guest is the explorer Sally Brendle. Sally, you’ve been on expeditions to some of the most unspoilt forests on the planet. What is it like? W: Fantastic. There’s nothing better than being the first scientist to see a particular river, for example, or to find a new plant or animal. On my most recent trip, we were looking for a rare crocodile in a rainforest in Asia but we discovered a previously unknown snake. Although it was tiny and completely harmless, it was still very exciting. M: It sounds it! So, tell us about your early life. How did you become an explorer? W: Well, I’ve been interested in nature ever since I was a young child. While my friends were playing games, I used to go fishing or looking for animals in the fields near my home. I wasn’t interested in protecting creatures in those days. In fact, I used to catch them to put them in my own little zoo! M: And what was your first expedition? W: As soon as I was eighteen, I went to Africa with an organization called Africa Exchange. They run different projects. Things like helping to build schools or studying how monkeys behave. My job was to count how many lions and elephants there were in a certain area every day. That was a fantastic introduction, and really important for the protection programme. M: And what did you do after that? W: While I was at university I met a famous Brazilian explorer. He was planning an expedition to the Amazon rainforest in order to study the plants that people use for medicine. A team member broke her leg so he asked me to go in her place. M: Can you describe what it’s like to be in a rainforest? W: Well, the thing I always notice is the atmosphere. Although it’s not silent, the noises are all nature, which I find very relaxing. Despite the heat and the wildlife, it’s quite safe if you’re careful. Modern technology means you can’t really get lost nowadays. M: Well, it sounds really interesting. A new kind of snake. A rare crocodile. An unknown river. An unspoilt forest.

If anybody here does not agree with me, they should ______their own plans for improving the living conditions of these people. put, back put on put down put in put forward

It is not so much the language______the cultural background that makes the article difficult to understand. but or as nor like

Over 1,000 years ago, Chinese poet Wang Wei of the Tang Dynasty (618 -907) wrote “I know my brothers would, with dogwood spray in hand, climb up mountain and miss me so far away“—to express his nostalgia during Chongyang Festival. [*] 【R1】 ______ The Chongyang Festival, or the Double Ninth Festival, which takes place on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month on the Chinese calendar. According to I Ching , or Book of Changes , “nine“ is a positive—or yang—number. Therefore, the ninth day of the ninth month means “double nine“ or “double yang“. 【R2】______ Through records in all kinds of notes and historical literature, scholars have dated Chongyang’s history back to the Warring States Period (475 -221 BC). It became widely celebrated after the Wei and Jin dynasties (220 -420) and was officially declared to be a festival during the Tang Dynasty. 【R3】______So, it was not uncommon for superstitious folk to climb mountains, or find higher ground to avoid some perceived oncoming doom. Today, customs during this festival include climbing mountains, enjoying chrysanthemum flowers, drinking chrysanthemum wine, eating crabs, wearing dogwood to drive away ghosts and composing poems. 【R4】______Moreover, standing on high ground and looking far into the distance on a balmy autumn day can help alleviate some of the seasonal depression and anxiety. If you can’ t find a mountain to hike up, there is another solution: Ascending buildings or towers will, apparently, also work. For example, Wang Bo, a man of letters in the Tang Dynasty once ascended a tower on the Chongyang Festival and wrote his representative work, A Tribute to King Teng’ s Tower. Mountains aside, chrysanthemum symbolizes longevity, as well as integrity and chrysanthemum wine is seen as an auspicious drink to enjoy during the festival. It is believed that the custom originates from poet TaoYuanming who lived during the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 -420) and was famous for his hermit’ s lifestyle and his special love for the flower. Special food is usually an indispensable part of festivals, just like mooncakes for the Mid-Autumn Festival and zongzi for the Dragon Boat Festival. So , for Chongyang, crabs are the snack du jour because that’ s when their meat is at its best. Chongyang cake, made of rice, is also a traditional festival food popular in the eastern part of China. 【R5】______Since the pronunciation of nine in Chinese is the same as “ eternal“ or “forever“ , the festival is regarded as an especially auspicious day to wish longevity and health upon our senior citizens and people usually visit, or send greetings to, the senior members of their family. As a result, in 1989, the Chinese government assigned yet another moniker to the festival to promote respect for the elderly: Senior Citizen’ s Festival. Questions 61 -65 Choose from the sentences A ~ G the one which best fits each gap of 61 -65. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use. A. In ancient China, the Chongyang Festival was sometimes seen as a bad omen, as it fell in the late autumn when the weather turns cold and plants wither. B. The dogwood is a plant with a strong fragrance, and is often used as a Chinese herbal medicine. C. Today, it is still celebrated by people from China, the Republic of Korea and Japan. D. Today, thankfully, the Chongyang Festival has a more positive meaning. E. The bright clear weather and the joy of bringing in the harvest make for a festival’ s happy atmosphere. F. Since “chong“ means double in Chinese, it is also called “Chongyang“ in China. G. Among all these customs, mountain climbing is the most important one since it is an activity that is believed to help one avoid misfortune.

One chilly autumn morning in 1945, five thousand shoppers crowded the pavements outside Gimbels Department Store in New York City. The day before, Gimbels had taken out a full-page newspaper advertisement in the New York Times, announcing the sale of the first ballpoint pens in the United States—the new writing instrument. [*] In fact, this “new“ pen was not new after all, and was just the latest development in a long search for the best way to deliver ink to paper. In 1884 Lewis Waterman had patented the fountain pen, giving him the sole rights to manufacture it. This marked a significant leap forward in writing technology, but fountain pens soon became notorious for leaking. In 1888, a leather tanner named John Loud devised and patented the first “ rolling-pointed marker pen“ for marking leather. Loud’ s design contained a reservoir of ink in a cartridge and a rotating ball point that was constantly bathed on one side with ink. Loud’ s pen was never manufactured, however, and over the next five decades, 350 additional patents were issued for similar ball-type pens, though none advanced beyond the design stage. Each had their own faults, but the major difficulty was the ink: if the ink was thin, the pens leaked, and if it was too thick, they clogged. Depending on the climate or air temperature, sometimes the pens would do both. Almost fifty years later, Ladislas and Georg Biro, two Hungarian brothers, came up with a solution to this problem. They set about making models of new pen designs and creating better inks to use in them. Ladislas was determined to construct a pen using the same type of ink. Georg came up with the idea of fitting his pen with a tiny ball bearing in its tip. As the pen moved along the paper, the ball bearing rotated and picked up ink from the ink cartridge which it delivered to the paper. The first Biro pen, like the designs that had gone before it, relied on gravity for the ink to flow to the ball bearing at the tip. The Biro brothers had a rethink and eventually devised a new design, which relied on capillary action rather than gravity to feed the ink. In 1938, as World War II broke out, the Biro brothers fled to Argentina, where they applied for a patent for their pen and established their first factory. [*] The Biros ’ pen soon came to the attention of American fighter pilots, who needed a new kind of pen to use at. high altitudes. Thus fortune smiled on the Biro brothers in May 1945, when the American company “ Eversharp “ paid them $ 500, 000 for the exclusive manufacturing and marketing rights of the Biro ballpoint for the North American market. Eversharp were slow to put their pen into production, however, and this delay ultimately cost them their competitive advantage. Meanwhile, in June 1945 an American named Milton Reynolds stumbled upon the Biro pen while on vacation in Buenos Aires. Immediately seeing its commercial potential, he bought several pens and returned to Chicago, where he discovered that. Loud’ s original 1888 patent had long since expired. This meant that the ballpoint was now in the public domain, and he, therefore, wasted no time making a copy based on the Biro design. Establishing his pen company with just $26,000, Reynolds quickly set up a factory with 300 workers who began production on 6th October 1945, stamping out pens from precious scraps of aluminum that hadn’ t been used during the war for military equipment or weapons. Just 23 days later, it was Reynolds’ s ballpoint pen that caused the stampede at Gimbels Department. Store. Following the ballpoint’ s debut in New York City, Eversharp challenged Reynolds in the law courts, but lost the case because the Biro brothers had failed to secure a U. S. patent on their invention. Questions 66 ~ 70 Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.

Research by U. S. and Canadian scientists suggest that the brains of men and women differ structurally in ways that may explain differences in mental ability. Men’ s brains are larger than women’ s, 【C1】______(principal) because men are larger in all respects. But the isthmus of the corpus callosum, 【C2】______links the right and left halves of the brain, is generally larger in women than in men, according to a number of different studies 【C3】 ______ (report) to the New York Academy of Sciences. [*] Since these fibres represent the main highway within the brain, the researchers believe it may explain why, on【C4】______, women have a superior ability with words to men and why girls are less often dyslexic than boys. Some researchers believe the physical difference may also explain why men are generally better at tasks【C5】inv______spatial relationships, such as engineering and reading maps. Speculating even further, the sexing of brains (an infant science) may account for the fact that there have been more women poets and【C6】______(novel) than female painters and sculptors. [*] Such research has been discouraged by feminists for a long time. They fear that it might be used to justify male-female differences which they【C7】mai______are result of unfair social attitudes and conditioning. Scientists admit that the physical differences between male and female brains may have a less important, effect【C8】______education and experience. But at a recent meeting of the New York Academy, the largest claims for a physically significant difference between the sexes, other than the obvious and well-researched ones, were made by women. Sandra Witelson, a Canadian neuropsychologist, said the differences in size already mentioned may be “just the tip of the【C9】ice______... The physical structure of men ’ s and women ’ s brains may be far more different than we suspect.“ But men were【C10】______ (doubt) about the importance of the finding that women had a larger isthmus in their corpus callosum. A male scientist said, “ In the brain, bigger doesn’ t always mean better.“

人们以为科学对经济发展和国力增强有更大的贡献。而文科通常让人觉得是奢侈而虚无缥缈的。【T1】然而，我认为科研资助不应该只对理科开放，其他领域也应该得到资助。(available)首先，一个健康的社会需要文科和理科的共同努力。【T2】科学发明确实会让我们的生活变得简便，但是文科(arts)里的创新作品也会使我们的生活变得更丰富和更充实。(easier)例如，电腩的发明改变了我们沟通的方式，但是通过鼠标来画画这种新型艺术方式也颠覆了传统的“铅笔和画笔”等绘画工具。【T3】对文科和理科的投入资助好比对我们生活双引擎投入动力，使我们的生活变得更便利、更有趣。 (fuel the twin engines)其次，向理科以外的学科资助，能让我们更加了解自己和世界。【T4】科学能改变世界，文科则能让我们认识自我、认识人与世界的关系。 (understand ourselves)换而言之，科学研究能创造更多的工具，但是文科的研究能给这些工具带来意义和生命，并诠释这些工具与我们的关系。【T5】总之，文科和理科各有所长，都值得我们资助。 (their respective merits)

Which item in the right-hand box could logically appear in the left-hand box? [*]

What material was the first ballpoint pen designed to write on?

What was the problem with the ballpoint pens invented between 1888 and 1935?

Where did the Biro brothers open their first factory?

fn what year did the first American Biro pen factory begin production?

Why was Reynolds able to copy the Biro brothers’ design? Section D (10 marks)