The first small camera was invented in 1685, but it was just a camera. It was a long time before people figured out how to make the right kind of paper for photographs. Modern photography, as we know it, really came into being in the 19th century, around the year 1865, to be exact. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, photography really took off. Several types of cameras were invented during the time, and photographers also came up with new and better ways to take pictures. Photography became a form of art. [*] Although most people think photographs show real things, photography also changed people’ s ideas about modern art. Modern art developed in the late 19th century, around the time of the invention of photographs. Modem art was different from other kinds of art because modem art paintings did not try to show “realistic“ pictures. For example, artists of modern art often produced paintings that looked different from a real picture. Photography was perfect for producing modern art. For example, a photographer could focus on the subject of a picture and make it look very clear, while other parts of the picture were not in focus and therefore looked fuzzy. In this way, photographers could make pictures look less realistic. We are now riving in the time of postmodern art. Postmodern art developed in the late 1950s and has allowed for further changes in the world of art. In the case of photography, computers have changed a lot about the way that photographs are made and viewed. For example, a photographer can now lake pictures using a digital camera. These pictures can be saved on a computer and changed using a computer program. In this way, the photographer can change the colors and many other aspects of a photograph. For example, the photographer can change all of the colors in a photograph to light or dark red, or he or she can make photographs darker or lighter. These kinds of treatment can create interesting effects. Computers are also changing the way people share photographs. In the past, a photographer had to put his photos in a book, called an album, to show his photographs to lots of people. Now, with the Internet, photographers can share their photographs with thousands of people quickly and easily! This means that even teenagers can create interesting photographs as a kind of art to share with people around the world.

It takes a lot of courage to deal with the fact, that you have cancer. It takes even more courage to deal with losing a leg because of that cancer. However, it takes a true hero to then attempt to run across the second largest country in the world with an artificial leg in order to raise money for cancer. A man named Terry Fox was just such a hero. [*] Terry was only eighteen years old when doctors Sold, him and his family that he had a type of bone cancer in his knee. The doctors said that they had to cut off Terry’ s leg. Terry showed a great deal of courage when he lost his leg. He quickly learned to use his artificial leg, and he did not feel sorry for himself. He was thankful that he was still alive. After his experiences with other cancer patients in hospital, Terry wanted to do something. Not a lot of people knew much about cancer at the beginning of the 1980s, and not a lot of money was going towards finding a cure or developing better treatments. Terry decided that he was going to raise one dollar for every person in Canada. The population of Canada at the time was 24 million, so he planned to raise 24 million dollars for cancer research, and he planed to do this by running across the county. On a beach in Newfoundland, Terry Fox began his Marathon of Hope by dipping his artificial leg into the Atlantic Ocean on April 12, 1980. He ran about 42 kilometers a day, and he gave speeches along the way. People were learning about cancer, and they were giving money to Terry and his dream. Terry kept running. He ran through Quebec to Ontario. By August, he was halfway across Canada. In the middle of the Marathon of Hope, however, Terry’s chest started to hurt. He stopped running and saw a doctor. Unfortunately, the cancer had returned and was now in his lungs. He had to give up the Marathon of Hope and go back into hospital. Sadly, Terry box passed away in 1981 without finishing his run, but not before 24 million dollars had been raised for cancer research. Money has continued to be raised in his name since that time. More than 360 million dollars has been raised worldwide in yearly Terry Fox Runs.

For many adults, a typical work day might be as follows: The alarm goes off at 6:00 am. You dress yourself in expensive work clothes, gobble down breakfast, and start off on your long and stressful commute to the office. Then you spend your day at your desk, attempting to complete your tasks amid co-worker chitchat and office politics. After that, you make your way home through the commuter crowds. You have just enough time for a few hours of relaxation before you have to get up and repeat the process all over again the next day. For these people, telecommuting will probably be seen as an answer to the daily stress and frustration of office jobs. [*] Telecommuting, also known as teleworking or working from home, is a term that refers to using telecommunications to work in a place removed from the company’ s office, most often in a home office. Few people telecommute full time, but a growing number of companies are allowing their employees to work from home at least part of the time. The Wall Street journal reports that the number of people worldwide who telecommute at least one day per month had risen from about 22 million in 1998 to about 82. 5 million in 2007, and this number is expected to surpass 100 million by the beginning of the next decade. [*] Employers have met this growing demand to work from home with both acceptance and resistance. On the one hand, employers understand that offering telecommuting opportunities is a way to cut costs. Despite the initial cost incurred in setting a telecommuter up with the appropriate technology, there are long-term savings. The average office space costs an employer about $ 10, 000 per year for each worker, according to the Industrial and Technology Assistance Corporation (ITAC). In addition, offering telecommuting opportunities reduces absenteeism, increases productivity, and decreases employee turnover. Workers are happier and less stressed. Therefore, they work harder and are more loyal to their employers. Employers also see telecommuting as a powerful recruitment tool io attract top talent. In a survey of lop company CFOs, Robert Half Technology cited telecommuting as second only io salary when deciding whether to take a job. On the other hand, employers are also aware of the fact that telecommuting poses some risks. First of all, allowing confidential company information to leave the office can pose privacy and security concerns. A study done by the Centre for Democracy and Technology showed that companies often do not fully implement telecommuting security policies. In addition, telecommuters are not properly trained in protecting company data. Another risk has to do with the working style of the telecommuter. A successful telecommuter has to be independent, self-motivated, and disciplined. A telecommuter who needs constant supervision and feedback will not be successful, and this will cost the company in the long run. Finally, it is more difficult to manage a telecommuter than an on-site worker. A manager of telecommuters cannot, for instance, be a ’’micro-manager“ , and must be willing to delegate responsibility. In fact, companies are finding it necessary to train their managers in managing telecommuters. Experts predict that telecommuting will become a standard in the corporate world, as workers continue to demand it. The technologically-savvy generation that is entering the work force now has a different idea of how work gets done. This generation readily accepts, and even expects, telecommuting opportunities. In addition, the population in many countries is increasing, but the capacity of roads and public transportation is often not keeping up. This will make commuting to work ever more difficult and frustrating. Lastly, the growing number of two-income families increases the need for job flexibility in order to balance family and work life. The trend toward telecommuting is clear, but the long-term effects on corporate culture and the individual worker are still unknown.

About forty percent of all email traffic in the United States is spam, and this figure is climbing rapidly. Spam is usually defined as unsolicited, mass commercial email. It is often associated with advertisements for pornographic websites, drugs, or surgery that can enhance your sex life. Within another year or so, industry experts predict, half of all email messages will be unsolicited. [*] The flood of email marketing causes headaches for email users. Additionally, it costs corporations billions of dollars and reduces employee productivity. According to a recent study, the average employee spends almost seven minutes per day handling an average of 13 spam messages. This translates to major corporate losses. The annual cost of spam has reached $ 9 billion for US corporations alone. Perhaps worst of all, spam baffles anti-spammers, who haven ’ t yet come up with a solution to this growing problem. In fact, the only proven way to stop spare is not to have an email address. Internet service providers are the front line defenders against spam. ISPs like America Online, Microsoft, and Earthlink employ anti-spam technicians. These employees run spam filters. They physically watch the sending of email, keeping an eye out for sudden mass mailings. When a mailing looks suspicious, the anti-spammers check the owner of the sending address. However, addresses are difficult to track and easy for spammers to hide. Spammers are creative, most recently using a trick called the “dictionary attack“. With special software, spammers can generate millions of random entail addresses using combinations of letters such as “Joe236,“ placed in front of the “@ aol. com“ part of the address. Enough of these addresses are correct that the email reaches millions of email users. In the United States, the situation has prompted calls for national legislation. State-level anti-spam laws have had limited effectiveness with few convictions. Major ISPs are aggressively pushing for national laws against spamming. On the other side of the issue, the direct-marketing industry and some Internet retailers have successfully fought federal law, which go against free-speech provisions of the Constitution. The European Union has adopted a practical ban on spam called an “opt-in“ system, in which companies have to wait for consumers to request commercial email before it can be sent to them. Until technology or anti-spam laws become more effective, people are taking small steps to fight spam on their own. For example, one computer consultant has created email accounts for the specific purpose of attracting spam. After he receives spam, he searches for the sender. His goal is to collect and publicize “blacklists“ of spammers’ Internet addresses. These are then incorporated into spam filters that block any email coming from those addresses. Email users can take a few easy steps to fight spam. Don’t click the “unsubscribe“ link. One would think that “unsubscribe“ would take you off a list. However, spammers have taken over the unsubscribe option, making it a confirmation of an active account. It is better just to delete the email. Keep many email accounts. By using separate accounts for electronic business and personal use, you can keep your personal address cleaner. Choose a long email name. Use a mix of letters and numbers. This decreases the chance that a computer-generated email address will match yours. Avoid Web-based discussion groups. Spammers frequently take addresses from the Internet. Online groups are easy to find. Avoid contests and surveys. Again, spammers often gather addresses from the Web. Look into new filtering software. ISPs and other firms offer many creative solutions to spam. Email communication has become the fundamental means of communication in the Information Age. However, it may soon be considered useless, as consumers are choking on spam. If every company freely sent unsolicited commercial advertisements, junk email would completely overrun us. Already, users are avoiding the Internet because they don’ t like the huge amounts of junk they are forced to see.

Spam messages are increasing rapidly and are soon expected to make up about half of all email messages. Using【70】______methods, spammers can send millions of emails with the click of a button. Anti-spammers struggle to keep up with their tactics, using trained technicians and software filters to minimise spam. Internet service【71】______are leading the fight against spam, which costs them and their customers billions of dollars each year. Anti-spam technicians watch the flow of email on the Internet, keeping an eve out for mass mailings. However, spammers are hard to track, since they can easily【72】______in the web of technology. Some small companies are trying to fight spam by collecting the email addresses of spam senders and publicizing them. Individuals can slow spam too, by【73】______chat groups, choosing a longer email address, and keeping multiple accounts. Still, in the long run, it may take new【74】______ or stricter laws to stop spam. In the meantime, users will continue【75】______under huge quantities of spam.

Photographers have contributed to the creation of______with their pictures.

As an illustration of this, the writer uses the fact that photographers can______with a computer program.

These days it is easy for photographers to share______.