Scottish writer Adam Smith is often considered the most important economist the world has ever known. The concepts of bargaining and self-interest that he explored, and 【C1】________ (possible)of different types of agreements and interests—such as “ the common interest“—are of recurring appeal to philosophers. His 【C2】wri________ are also important because they give a more general and abstract form to the idea of the “commercial“ society that was developed by his friend David Hume. [*] Like his Swiss contemporary Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Smith assumes that the motives of human beings are partly benevolent and 【C3】________ self-interested, but that self-interest is the stronger trait and so is a better guide to human behaviour. He believes that this can be 【C4】conf________ by social observation, and so, broadly speaking, his approach is an empirical one. In one of his most famous discussions of the psychology of bargaining, he contends that the most frequent opening gambit in a bargain is for one party to urge the 【C5】________—“the best way for you to get what you want is for you to give me what I want“. In other words, “ we address ourselves, not to [ another ’ s ] humanity, but to their self-love.“ Smith goes on to claim that the exchange of useful objects is a distinctively human 【C6】________(character). He notes that dogs are observed exchanging bones, and that should an animal wish to 【C7】ob________something, the only way it can do so is to “ gain the favour of those whose service it requires“. Human may also depend on this sort of “ fawning or servile attention“ , but they cannot resort to it whenever they need help, 【C8】be________life requires “the cooperation and assistance of great multitudes“. For example, to stay 【C9】________(comfort)at an inn for a night we require the input of many people—to cook and serve the food, to prepare the room and so on—none of whose services can be depended on through good will alone. For this reason, “man is an animal that makes bargains“—and the bargain is struck by 【C10】________ (propose)a deal that appears to be in the self-interest of both parties.

The president knows that he will not be elected again because he has ________ too many of his promises. given up gone back on come up with put on pulled out

Most palm trees have slender, unbranching trunks with a________of leaves at the top. bunch flock series herd pack

Geologists use artificial earth shocks ________ the kind of rock in which petroleum accumulates. for the sake of due to in search of to look forward to to stand for

Having never been to the United Kingdom before, Catherine was initially confused ________the value of each coin. towards as of as to as with by

Before I agree________your suggestion, I’ d like to know what I’ m________myself in for. on; getting to; letting about; putting with; setting /; making

________ended traffic on the Mississippi River, Mark Twain left his job as a river pilot and moved west to Carson City. As the Civil War was Because the Civil War was During the Civil War Now that the Civil War was When the Civil War

Young people are inevitably at the leading edge of change and innovation and the travel industry is no exception. Young people think outside of the box, push boundaries and experiment with the new. In an era of unprecedented challenge for the travel industry, youth travel represents not just an important market segment, but also a vital resource for innovation and change. [*] The travel industry is itself undergoing rapid change. Traditional vertical distribution chains are giving way to a more complex value network involving a wide range of different suppliers from within and beyond the travel sector. Travel is no longer solely dependent, on the infrastructure of the old economy—airline seats, hotel beds and travel agent’ s shelves. We are entering a new, flexible, networked economy in which information and communications technology (ICT), local culture and society, education, work and play have transformed into part of the tourism value chain. In fact, the inter-relationships between travel, other economic sectors and society as a whole have become so integrated that we might conceive of a value web rather than the old value chain. In the new tourism value web, value is created by linking actors inside and outside the tourism sector in the different combinations to create and exploit new opportunities. Young people are often at the forefront of such innovation, because they are willing to cross boundaries and make new links. As early-adopting, heavy users of new technology, young people are pioneering the use of social networking sites and mobile media in searching for travel information and purchasing products. Youth travel has grown rapidly in recent decades as living standards have risen and people in developing countries are starting to travel for the first time. Indeed, these first-time travellers are often characterized by being young and comparatively affluent. The global youth travel industry is now estimated to represent almost 190 million international trips a year, and the youth travel industry has grown faster than global travel overall. Youth travel has an important role because it is a market for the future—not just for the future development of young people themselves, but also the places they visit. WYSE Travel Confederation research shows that young travellers often spend more than other tourists and they are likely to return and give more value to the destination over their lifetime. Moreover, young travellers are a growth market globally, while the spending power of older generations in Western economies may decline in the long term. Another reason why young people are important is that, they are less likely to be discouraged from travelling by factors such as disease or natural disasters. They are also the pioneers who discover new destinations and are at the cutting edge of using new technology. Last but not least, young travellers gain cultural benefits from their travel, and contribute to the places they visit. Questions 71-75 Complete the summary with words from the passage, changing the form where necessary, with no more than three words for each blank. In many fields, including the travel industry, young people are usually at the forefront of any new developments. They set trends and so are a 【R1】________ for innovation and change. This is important as the travel industry is also experiencing its own 【R2】________. The modem travel industry is not about airline seats and hotel beds any more, but a new, more open economy where factors such as local culture and society have a 【R3】________in tourism. Indeed, the 【R4】________of travel and other parts of the economy and society means that traditional vertical distribution chains have been replaced by a network, or 【R5】________. Due to increased numbers of fairly rich young travellers from developing countries, youth travel is now growing rapidly and globally.

How old would a person born in 50 BC be on their birthday in 50 AD?

Ivory is to the elephant what shell is to the________. crane fish necklace snake tortoise

Which code matches the pattern given at the end of the line? [*] OL PK NM PM NK A B C D E

Write a report on a class of students buying books between 2005 and 2015. Write at least 120 words. Write the report on the answer sheet. [*]

________united effort is needed if the problem of the “underground economy“ is to be resolved. There is a It is a Because a An A

The most logical step to relieve the housewife of routine is to provide a robot which can be trained to meet the________of a particular home. acceptance administration assignment discipline requirement

________ there must be a good reason for her absence, as she is such an active participant. Formally Necessarily Presumably Unfortunately Usually

My mother has always had a tendency to________the importance of minor problems. raise exaggerate heighten multiply uplift

They picked up four boast-loads of refugees, ________had been at sea for two weeks. some of who some of which some of these some of whom some of those

Since they had stopped serving meals, we had to________ourselves with sandwiches and coffee. content appeal appreciate settle withdraw

—I’ d better go on a diet. —What makes you think so? I think________. you look pale you need to take a rest you should lose weight you’ re in good shape you must go to see a doctor

Scottish writer Adam Smith is often considered the most important economist the world has ever known. The concepts of bargaining and self-interest that he explored, and 【C1】________ (possible)of different types of agreements and interests—such as “ the common interest“—are of recurring appeal to philosophers. His 【C2】wri________ are also important because they give a more general and abstract form to the idea of the “commercial“ society that was developed by his friend David Hume. [*] Like his Swiss contemporary Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Smith assumes that the motives of human beings are partly benevolent and 【C3】________ self-interested, but that self-interest is the stronger trait and so is a better guide to human behaviour. He believes that this can be 【C4】conf________ by social observation, and so, broadly speaking, his approach is an empirical one. In one of his most famous discussions of the psychology of bargaining, he contends that the most frequent opening gambit in a bargain is for one party to urge the 【C5】________—“the best way for you to get what you want is for you to give me what I want“. In other words, “ we address ourselves, not to [ another ’ s ] humanity, but to their self-love.“ Smith goes on to claim that the exchange of useful objects is a distinctively human 【C6】________(character). He notes that dogs are observed exchanging bones, and that should an animal wish to 【C7】ob________something, the only way it can do so is to “ gain the favour of those whose service it requires“. Human may also depend on this sort of “ fawning or servile attention“ , but they cannot resort to it whenever they need help, 【C8】be________life requires “the cooperation and assistance of great multitudes“. For example, to stay 【C9】________(comfort)at an inn for a night we require the input of many people—to cook and serve the food, to prepare the room and so on—none of whose services can be depended on through good will alone. For this reason, “man is an animal that makes bargains“—and the bargain is struck by 【C10】________ (propose)a deal that appears to be in the self-interest of both parties.

【Gardener wanted. NASA requires a gardener to grow plants in a greenhouse. The successful applicant must be willing to travel long distances. The location is Mars. Transport will be provided. Please contact for further details and to arrange an interview.】 [*] For the moment the position described above is an imaginary vacancy. It will probably be many more years before gardeners are needed on Mars. However, the actual growing of plants on Mars may be only a year away. Scientists are currently suggesting a mission that might put plants on Mars next year. The idea is to use a small NASA spacecraft called a “ Mar Scout“ to send the plants in a miniature greenhouse. Landing on Mars it would scoop up some Martian soil. Enhance it with nutrients and then try to germinate and grow the seeds. The seeds would be bioengineered mustard plants, altered so that they would glow when they are struggling. Using bioengineering the mustard seed genes can be combined with jellyfish genes that make the plants glow with a soft green aura when they encounter problems. Healthy, thriving plants will not glow. When the scientists observe a plant is glowing, they can study it and learn what needs to be charged for plants to be able to grow on Mars. The aim of the experiment is to eventually be able to successfully grow plants in Martian greenhouses, and perhaps one day openly on Mars itself. What value does this have? After all, it would not be viable to farm food on Mars and then return it, to Earth. The meaning lies in being able to sustain life on Mars itself. It is far too expensive to transport all the supplies that would be needed by a Martian colony form Earth. So a crucial element for establishing a long-term human presence on Mars is a sustainable life support, system. This is called “ Bioregenerative“ , a renewable symbiotic relationship between plants, humans, and microbes. The humans produce the carbon dioxide and nutrients via their waste that the plants need, in turn they produce the oxygen and food that the humans need. The microbes make the process possible. Also, there is the social and symbolic value. When Earth life is actually growing on another planet that is likely to reignite interest in space travel: public interest and support for space travel is essential if governments are to be permitted to invest the huge sums of money required for such experimentation. Questions 56 ~ 60 Complete the following schema with no more than three words for each blank according to the passage. [*]