Summary Listen to the passage. For questions 26 ~30, complete the notes using no more than three words for each blank. Like our polluted environment, our bodies are no longer pollution-flee. Scientists now know that there is pollution in our bodies. On 【D6】______, we have 53 cancer-causing chemicals in our bodies. Even 【D7】______has been connected with bone cancer and other diseases. Some common cosmetics contain small amounts of chemicals, which seep into our 【D8】______ when we use these products. They prevent us from absorbing the 【D9】______our bodies need. So, it is 【D10】______that we find ways to reduce the amount of chemicals in our bodies. We should remind our friends and families to take care of their bodies.Summary Everyone knows about pollution in the environment. Water, air, and land are all polluted. This means that pollution is everywhere. Now, scientists are looking inside our bodies to find out about internal pollution. In 2003, the Environmental Working Group studied nine people to measure the chemicals in their bodies. These nine people had an average of 53 cancer-causing chemicals in their bodies. They also had an average of 62 chemicals that can damage the brain, and 55 that can harm babies in pregnant women. Even though a lot of chemicals were found in human bodies, the chemicals were found in small amounts. The amounts were small enough that they were probably not hurting the people. However, scientists are worried because most of these chemicals were created by humans. Most of these chemicals did not exist 75 years ago. This proves that we have not only polluted the world—we have polluted our own bodies! How does this pollution get into our bodies? We come into contact with many chemicals every day. For example, everyone uses soap, skin lotion, and shampoo. However, few people know that these products contain harmful chemicals, some of which may cause memory loss. Chemicals known as DEA (diethanolamine)and TEA (triethanolamine)may seep into the skin and stop us from absorbing a helpful nutrient called “choline“. Choline is a nutrient that plays a crucial role in the memory cell making process in the developing brain. Some people worry that every time we wash our hair, we are decreasing our memories. Everyone knows they should brush their teeth regularly, but recent research has shown that some toothpastes can cause cancer. Fluoride is a key ingredient in many toothpastes. However, studies show that fluoride does not really protect our teeth. In fact, fluoride has been connected with bone cancer and other diseases. While we are trying to save our smiles, we could be damaging our health. Women are probably exposed to more chemicals than men because they use more beauty products. Recently, harmful chemicals have been found in nail polish, hair spray, deodorant, and perfume. The chemicals are called “phthalates“. Studies on animals have shown that phthalates can damage the liver, the kidneys, and the lungs. Cosmetic companies say the amounts of phthalates in their products are safe, but consumer protection groups disagree. They say some women use so many products that the levels are actually high. So, the more women try to look beautiful, the more they could be harming their health. In a futuristic story by Ray Bradbury, a man found a pristine stream on a new planet. When he drank from the stream, he died! Why? His body was so polluted that pure water was a poison to him! Perhaps that is only science fiction, but it reminds us to take care of our bodies. We must find ways to reduce the pollution we absorb.

I don’ t think it is advisable that she______her little boy of his freedom to spend the spare time as he wish. deprive deprives deprived has deprived

Chances of getting the job were slim, so the young man felt______about the future. gloomy shady shadowy obscure

______, Tom remains modest and is willing to accept suggestions from others. However his notable contributions His making notable contributions For all his notable contributions Instead of his contributions

The term culture shock Was introduced for the first time in 1958 to describe the anxiety produced when a person moves to a completely new environment. We can describe culture shock as the physical and emotional discomfort a person suffers when craning to live in a place different from the place of origin. Often, the way that we lived before is not accepted or considered as normal in the new place. Everything is different, for example, not speaking the language, not knowing how to use banking machines, not knowing how to use the telephone, and so forth. Culture shock has four stages. In the first stage, the new arrival may feel very happy about all of the new experiences. This time is called honeymoon stage, as everything is new and exciting. Afterward, the second stage presents itself, called emptiness stage. A person may encounter some difficulties in daily life. For example, communication difficulties may occur, such as not being understood. In this stage, there may be feeling of impatience, anger, and sadness. The third stage is characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture, which is called recovery stage. A new feeling of pleasure and sense of humor may be experienced. A person may start to feel a psychological balance. The individual is more familiar with the environment. In the fourth stage, the person has been living in the new home for several months. He will start to feel more relaxed. It is called acceptance stage. Although a person can experience real pain from culture shock, it is also an opportunity for growing and learning new perspectives. Culture shock can help people develop a better understanding of themselves and stimulate personal creativity. Questions 56—60 Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. [*]

【B1】______No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than “Monkey see, monkey do“. 【B2】______Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do. 【B3】______The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults award some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves. 【B4】______He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may most influence his approach to books. 【B5】______ We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success. Complete the article with the following sentences. There are two extra sentences that you don’ t need to use. A. Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. B. Look at it from the child’ s point of view. C. To say that the child leams by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example over simplifies. D. In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. E. Many experts criticize the way of contemporary education. F. Education is of great significance to the development of a child. G. There is a second element at work in this situation.

A World Without Time or Number The Pirahci are an isolated Amazonian tribe of hunter—gatherers who live deep in the Brazilian rainforest. The tribe has survived for centuries, although there are now only around 200 people left. The Piraha, who communicate mainly through hums and whistles, have fascinated ethnologists for years, mainly because they have almost no words for numbers. They use only three words to count: one, two, and many. We know about the Piraha thanks to Dan Everett, a Professor of Phonetics, who spent seven years with the tribe in the 1970s and 1980s. Everett discovered a world without numbers, without time, without words for colours, without subordinate clauses and without a past tense. Their language, he found, was not just simple grammatically; it was restricted in its range of sounds and differed between the sexes. For the men, it has just eight consonants and three vowels; for the women, who have the smallest number of speech sounds in the world, to seven consonants and three vowels. To the untutored ear, the language sounds more like humming than speech. The Piraha can also whistle their language, which is how men communicate when hunting. Their culture is similarly constrained. The Piraha can ’ t write, have little collective memory, and no concept of decorative art. In 1980 Everett tried to teach them to count: he explained basic arithmetic to an enthusiastic group keen to learn the skills needed to trade with other tribes. After eight months, not one could count to ten; even one plus one was beyond them. The experiment seemed to confirm Everett’ s theory: the tribe just couldn’ t conceive the concept of number. The Piraha’ s inability to count is important because it seems to disprove Noam Chomsky’ s influential Theory of Universal Grammar, which holds that the human mind has a natural capacity for language, and that all languages share a basic rule structure, which enables children to understand abstract concepts such as number. Questions 71—75 Complete the summary with words from the passage, changing the form where necessary with no more than three words for each blank. The Piraha is a tribe who has lived in the Brazilian rainforest for hundreds of years. They communicate just:with 【R1】______. This has made many ethnologists interested in them. Their language is very special, not only because it is simple 【R2】______, but also because it is different 【R3】______the sexes. Men and women acquire different 【R4】______. Although a professor of phonetics has tried to teach them 【R5】______, he failed. This seems to disprove Noam Chomsky’ s influential Theory of Universal Grammar.

Which of the words in this series doesn’ t fit? SAME MEAT ATTACH CHARGE GENTLE LEAVE VERBAL LATEST

It’ s not liquid, gas or solid. It’ s not an animal, a plant or a mineral. It’ s transparent (透明的), but can be seen from a distance, is always in motion (运动), has no gender (性别), but reproduces itself. It can be humans’ best friend or worst enemy. What’ s it?

Jenny and Jessica have short hair. Nicky and Jade have long hair. Jade, Jenny and Nicky are tall. Jessica is not. Jade does not wear spectacles, the others do. Which of the following statements must be true? Jade and Jenny are tall and have long hair. Jenny and Jessica have short hair and are tall. Jessica and Nicky wear spectacles and have short hair. Jessica and Jenny have short hair and wear spectacles.

W Mike, we’ll need to rent a car for our trip next week. Could you do that for us? M Certainly. I need to know whether you want an ordinary car, a sport’s model, or a station wagon. W Just the ordinary one. Question What does the woman want the man to do? Help plan a trip. Rent a car for her. Help repair her car. Take a trip with her.

Dictation Listen to the passage. For questions 21 ~ 25, fill in the blanks with the exact words or phrases you hear. There is a big difference between town life and 【D1】______ in England. In the country, everybody knows everybody else. They know what time you get up, what time you go to bed and what you have for dinner. If you want to help, you will always get it and you will 【D2】______help others. In a large town like London, however, it can sometimes happen that you have never seen your next door neighbor and you do not know his name or anything about him. People in London are 【D3】______. This is because people go to different places in the evenings and at weekends. If you 【D4】______the streets in the centre of London on Sunday, it is like a town without people. One is sorry for old people living on their own. They could die in their homes and would not 【D5】______for weeks or even months.Dictation There is a big difference between town life and (21)country life in England. In the country, everybody knows everybody else. They know what time you get up, what time you go to bed and what you have for dinner. If you want to help, you will always get it and you will (22)be glad to help others. In a large town like London, however, it can sometimes happen that you have never seen your next door neighbor and you do not know his name or anything about him. People in London are (23)often very lonely. This is because people go to different places in the evenings and at weekends. If you (24)walk through the streets in the centre of London on Sunday, it is like a town without people. One is sorry for old people living on their own. They could die in their homes and would not (25)be discovered for weeks or even months.

The football match was______because of the heavy rain. called off called up called out called over

If you’ ve ever driven on a highway during a heavy rain, you know about the danger of______. skating skidding sliding slipping

Phil______forecast a big increase in sales, and he turned out to be right. confidentially proudly assuredly confidently

It is essential that misunderstanding______during business negotiations. be avoided is avoided will be avoided has to be avoided

______from the top of the hill, the city takes the round shape with a flowing river through it. Viewing To be viewed Viewed To be viewing

According to official statistics, retail sales in China rose 10% and 12. 2% in the first and the second quarter______this year. accordingly correspondingly respectively individually

We______any attempts to infiltrate company networks to obtain user information. sentence condemn reproach scold

Working out to music can improve the coordination of your mind and body, 【C1】 ______you are football crazy or keen on tennis. The 【C2】 su______that rock or pop music might ever play a part in sports training would have been regarded as a joke not so long ago. But today modem music is increasingly filling the gym as well as the front room. The idea of exercise to music is not new. For years, 【C3】 es______in eastern Europe, the benefits of sportsmen and sportswomen having 【C4】 in______in ballet and classical dance, with their stress on total body control and balance, have long been recognized. Figure-skating and ice-dance are usually performed to music and can be said to be specialized 【C5】 ______of this type of exercise. But ballet and classical dance can be 【C6】 ______(apply)to other sports that are also pleasing to the eye, such as gymnastics and skiing, 【C7】 ______of which demand high standards of balance, coordination and suppleness. In western Europe and North America, a far 【C8】 ______(great)interest has been shown in working out to classical music. Even sports which seem to demand muscular 【C9】 ______(strong)more than any other physical requirement have taken up exercise to music as a valuable addition to their own specialized training schemes. Devotees of soccer, rugby, and rowing now regularly train to music, even those who take up in weightlifting, 【C10】 ______ demands enormous physical strength, and participants in athletics field events, find that exercise to music is beneficial and makes their movements more fluid.

Many people today are worried about bird flu. They are afraid that it will pass from birds to humans and that thousands of people will die in a pandemic. In 1918 a flu virus killed about 50 million people around the world. The virus was called Spanish influenza (or Spanish flu, for short)because Spanish newspapers first described the disease. Now, after nine years of work, scientists in an American laboratory in Atlanta, Georgia, have produced a copy of the Spanish flu virus. They are also going to publish the genetic sequence of the virus on the Internet and some experts are afraid that other laboratories could copy the virus. Scientists have copied the virus because they want to understand why the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic killed so many people. In a report in the journal Science, Dr. Jeffery Taubenberger and a team of scientists in the USA show that the copied virus is extremely powerful. The scientists injected the virus into mice and the mice began to lose weight very quickly. They lost 13% of their weight in two days and all of the mice died within six days. “ I didn’ t expect it to be as lethal as it was, “ Dr. Terrence Tumpey, one of the scientists in the team, told the journal Nature. In another experiment, they injected more mice with a normal type of flu. The mice lost weight at first but then they got better and did not die. The experiments showed that the mice with the Spanish flu virus had 39,000 times more flu virus in their bodies than the second group of mice. The scientists who copied the virus say their work has already provided important information about the virus and helps to explain why it is so lethal. But other expels are worried that the virus could escape from the laboratory. “ Some people will think that they have really created a biological weapon.“ said Professor Ronald Atlas of the University of Louisville in Kentucky. “ I am even more worried now than I was before about the possibility of a flu pandemic. The 1918 flu pandemic started with bird flu and that might happen again today with Asian bird flu.“ Some scientists are worried about the publication of the genetic sequence on the Internet. They are afraid that biologists could copy the virus using the information on the Internet. This could be very dangerous. It took a long time to copy the virus. Scientists used material taken from the lungs of people who died from the flu virus in 1918. In a second report in Nature, Taubenberger and his colleagues analyzed the genetic make-up of the virus. They were surprised to find that it was completely different from all the normal human flu viruses. This probably means that Spanish flu jumped from birds to humans and did not mix with a human virus first. This is very worrying for scientists because in the past everyone believed that a pandemic was only possible if a bird flu virus mixed with a human flu virus. Taubenberger says it is very important to know what changes in the virus caused the 1918 Spanish flu virus. This will help scientists to work out which viruses might cause a pandemic. The H5N1 bird flu in Asia is already changing and it could infect humans, he said. Viruses have escaped from high-security labs before. The SARS virus escaped at least twice, once in Taiwan and once in Singapore, But some scientists believe a pandemic will not happen even if the virus escapes, because most people are naturally immune and there are now a lot of drugs which protect people from flu. Questions 66—70 Answer the following questions according to the passage.