[*] Ancient Greeks thought the brain wasn’t the basis for intellect. It was the home for the soul. They believed that the process of thinking happened somewhere near lungs. The brain wasn’t seen as an organ of intellect and thought until the 17 th and 18th centuries. In order to measure intelligence, the IQ test, or the intelligence quotient test, was invented. The Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale was created in Paris in the early 1900 s. The scale was used in Alfred Binet’s efforts to educate children with learning difficulties. Those with scores less than their respective ages were considered mentally challenged. The MENS A IQ test has also become popular. A person who scores 150 or higher on this test is considered to have exceptional intelligence. More than 10,000 people take the test every year. Some see IQ tests as an assessment of an individual’s problem-solving skills, rather than general intelligence. For example, an individual may have high analytical intelligence that is genetic. This widely held view promoted many prejudiced ideas. Since the IQ test was created from the point of view of Europeans, people of other races scored comparatively lower. Research suggests that intelligence depends on culture and class. Tests given by the U. S. military showed that blacks scored lower than whites. The difference in scores was attributed to class and education levels, not genetic factors. Black children adopted into wealthier families scored significantly higher than low-income blacks. Studies have shown that children who grow in a positive learning environment score higher on the IQ tests. Having good nutrition can also affect the scores. A new type of IQ test has surfaced later on. It’s called the EI test, or the emotional intelligence test. The test gauges the individual’s ability to manage his or her emotions. Developed by Daniel Go-leman, the test also measures how much self-awareness an individual has. Knowledge and emotional intelligence are different, experts say. A person with high emotional intelligence is able to better understand the feelings of others. Thus, they are better maintaining various relationships. Low emotional intelligence can affect intelligence. Studies have shown that emotional intelligence is connected with memory and concentration. Individuals with low emotional intelligence have more aggressiveness and less self-control. These factors can dramatically reduce IQ scores by as much as 25 percent. Questions 71—75 Complete the summary with words from the passage, changing the form where necessary, with only one word for each blank. Since the early 1900s, scientists have attempted to gauge the intelligence of people. Alfred Binet’s intelligence scale and the MENSA IQ test have been used frequently over the past centuries in 【R1】______intelligence. Some studies suggest that the tests aren’t necessarily a flawless benchmark, arguing that it 【R2】______only a person’s problem-solving skills. Others think that intelligence is 【R3】______and it varies among races. New findings point to culture, class, education levels and environment as more important intelligence predictors 【R4】______genetics. A new test that measures the emotional intelligence, the ability to monitor one’s emotions, has emerged. Recent findings reveal that one’s emotional intelligence can affect one’s IQ test 【R5】______.

[*] Would you believe that your diet can make a big difference in keeping a youthful appearance? It seems strange to think that the food we take in could result in fewer wrinkles. Wouldn’t it be better to put things on our skin rather than in our mouths? Well, according to one scientific theory, our bodies start aging because of oxidation. This means the certain oxygen-containing molecules in our cells, called free radicals, have the capability to attach to and damage parts of our cells, including our DNA. Our bodies can repair this damage, but as we get older, these repair mechanisms start to break down, resulting in the signs of aging. Free radicals are actually reduced by our bodies, but their numbers can also increase because of the food we eat. Besides avoiding foods which could potentially produce more free radicals, eating foods which contain certain vitamins and micro-nutrients can also contribute to keep us looking young. These vitamins help produce molecules called antioxidants, which actually help reduce the production of free radicals. Even better, foods containing antioxidants are not rare. Common antioxidants, like vitamins A and E, can be found in many dark-coloured vegetables. For example, carrots, seaweed, spinach, and broccoli are excellent sources of these helpful vitamins. Also, you can eat orange-coloured fruits like apricots and peaches. Vitamins A and E are particularly good for your skin remain young-looking. These nutrients strengthen your skin and make it soft. However, if you really want to stock up quickly on nutrients that benefit your skin, you should eat cow’s liver. One small piece of cooked cow’s liver contains twice as much A as half a cup of cooked carrots. More recently, green tea has also been tentatively added to the list of youth-promoting substances. Although research about green tea’s effects on our bodies is at an early stage, scientists certainly believe that it is good for us. Scientists, however, are still cautious about predicting its capability to keep us looking youthful. But from recent experiments, its antioxidant properties seem to be able to repair cell damage already sustained as well as prevent damage in the future. In fact, green tea works even better if you apply it directly to your skin as an ingredient in facial cream. “You are what you eat. “ This old proverb certainly seems to be true the more we find out a-bout how our body works. Think about that the next time you sit down at the table. Questions 71-75 Complete the summary with words from the passage, changing the form where necessary, with only one word for each blank. People use cosmetic surgery, facial 【R1】______ and cosmetics to look younger. Maybe the best way to fight wrinkles is really just to eat foods with the right vitamins and nutrients in them. Some foods we eat have the capability of 【R2】______our cells in that these foods can increase harmful molecules in our bodies called free radicals. But if we take in foods with vitamins A and E, for example, we can 【R3】______the production of free radicals in our bodies. Other foods that seem to have healthy 【R4】______of antioxidants include cow’s liver and green tea. Moreover, green tea is proved to be more helpful in repairing sustained damage and even preventing future damage if it is 【R5】______properly and directly.

[*] In 1944 at the age of 36, Nelson Mandela joined the African National Congress(ANC). In 1925, the ANC led the bold Campaign for the Defiance of Unjust Laws. The campaign was conceived as a movement of civil disobedience. In his leadership role in the campaign, Mandela earned growing respect among his fellow freedom fighters, proving that he was a brave and intelligent leader. At the same time, his energetic participation brought Mandela a criminal conviction. Even so, he was soon elected deputy resident of the ANC. During this period, Mandela began to encounter more and more resistance from the government, gaining an official image as a troublemaker. With its radical new approach, the ANC was outlawed in 1960 and Mandela was forced into hiding. Mandela was the victim of various forms of repression. He was banned, arrested and imprisoned. Still, he continued to fight against apartheid(种族隔离). In 1962, Mandela traveled abroad illegally to gather support from leaders of other countries for the anti-apartheid struggle. When he returned, he was arrested, jailed, and sentenced to life in prison. From prison, Mandela continued his demand for equality. At his South African prison near Cape Town, black prisoners were given short trousers, while the non-black prisoners were given longer pants. Mandela recognised the different uniforms as a reminder of the difference in status a-mong prisoners. He began protesting immediately and complained each day until, at the end of the second week, he found a pair of long trousers left in his cell. Still not satisfied, Mandela demanded the same longer trousers for the other black prisoners. Mandela never ended his demand for justice and equality. His pursuit of study privileges and better food were a continuation of his fight for ANC goals. Mandela firmly believed that the struggle for freedom was not only for the oppressed, but also for the oppressors. A man who takes away another man’s freedom is a prisoner of hatred, observes Mandela in his autobiography. “He is locked behind the bars of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. I am not truly free if I am taking away someone else’s freedom, just as surely as I am not free when my freedom is taken from me. The oppressed and the oppressor alike are robbed of their humanity. “ After 27 years in prison, Nelson Mandela was released in 1990. In 1991, he became president of the ANG. In 1993, he was awarded the Noble Peace Prize along with F. W. de Klerk for ending apartheid. In 1994, Nelson Mandela was elected president of South Africa, holding office until June 1999, when he retired from public life. He then lived in the village where he was born. Nelson Mandela, the revered South African anti -apartheid icon who led his country to democracy and became its first black president, died on December 5th, 2013 , at home. He was 95. “He is now resting,“ said South African President Jacob Zuma. “He is now at peace. “ Questions 71 -75 Complete the summary with words from the passage, changing the form where necessary, with only one word for each blank. The well-known South African statesman Nelson Mandela led his country’s struggle against【R1】______. As a lawyer, Mandela fought for the right of the blacks. As a 【R2】______of the African National Congress, Mandela organized boycotts and protests against discriminatory laws. His activities eventually led to his 【R3】______ , and he was given a life-sentence in prison. On his first day in prison, Mandela received short trousers as part of his prison uniform. Mandela saw this as another way to oppress the blacks. He continued his 【R4】______for justice and equality in all aspects. Mandela firmly believed that the struggle for freedom was not only for the oppressed, but also for those 【R5】______. He won the Noble Peace Prize in 1993 and the following year became president of South Africa. He died at the advanced age of 95.

When you open the business section of any newspaper at the end of the year, all the reports seem to be about results for the fiscal year. But just like a school year or lunar year, the fiscal year is a little different from the regular calendar year. [*] A fiscal year is a 12-month period that records the annual financial reports for businesses, organisations and governments. These records give shareholders and analysts information on how well the businesses are doing. They are also necessary because they help investors and other companies prepare for the future. All this preparation helps the economy continue to run smoothly. Starbucks Corp. released the record of its fourth fiscal quarter and the full fiscal year, which ended Oct. 1, on Nov. 16. “The record results we reported today for the fourth quarter and the full fiscal year are a testament to the overall health and strength of our global business,“ commented Troy Alstead, CFO. “The momentum we have built throughout the year continued in the fourth quarter, with the strength of same store sales growth demonstrating that our product innovation and overall store experience are resonating extremely well with our customers. As a result of the strong finish to fiscal 2011, Starbucks entered the new fiscal year well positioned to continue pursuing significant profitable growth opportunities. “ The start date of the fiscal year is different in different businesses and countries. So, for example , the U. S. government begins its fiscal year Oct. 1 and the Australian government begins its July 1. Thailand starts its fiscal year in September. The United Kingdom and India have chosen a different fiscal-year system. In these countries, the fiscal year varies from April to March. In China, the fiscal year starts Jan. 2 and ends Dec. 31. France, Italy, Germany, Russia use the same fiscal year as China. Fiscal years don’t always start from January and end in December, however. When a business opens, it decides what month will start its fiscal year. In fact, many businesses don’t choose to follow the regular calendar year for their fiscal year because December is usually a very busy time. In the United Kingdom, many companies have continued to use the government fiscal year, which expires March 31, since they privatized. Nonetheless, the fiscal year and calendar year are the same in about over 60 percent of companies in the United States and the majority of businesses in England. In each fiscal year there are four quarters. Each is three months long and is often called a fiscal quarter. Businesses usually report results for each fiscal quarter as well as annual results for their fiscal year. Questions 71 -75 Complete the summary with words from the passage, changing the form where necessary, with only one word for each blank. A fiscal year is a 12-month period used for calculating financial reports 【R1】______in businesses and other organisations. The reports are made for business people to understand how well they are doing and to prepare for the future. Fiscal years can follow the calendar year, but more often than not, they 【R2】______between countries or companies. The U. S. government begins its fiscal year in October while the Chinese government starts its in 【R3】______. In the U. S. and the U. K. , the 【R4】______of businesses use the same fiscal calendar as the government. However, some businesses choose to start in a 【R5】______month.