What are the basic requirements of life and what do we need next after those? When you answer these questions, you are doing the same kind of work that American psychologist Abraham Maslow did in his “hierarchy (层次)of needs“ theory. The theory states that we must progress through various levels, satisfying the needs of each before being able to move on to the next. He thought individuals could eventually fulfill their potential if they could just satisfy their fundamental needs. [*] These most basic needs form the bottom of Maslow’s hierarchy and are referred to as physiological needs. These needs include our needs for water and shelter. Unless these are satisfied, we cannot move to the next level, safety needs. We need to feel secure in our environments, and this feeling of security usually means protection and freedom from fear. The third level is the need for love and belonging. People satisfy this need through their families and homes, as well as by joining and forming groups, making friends, and being a part of a team. In the fourth level, the need for esteem refers to the need of people to be recognized. Here, they want to feel that others think highly of them: they may need praise and want to feel good about themselves. They may try to accomplish this by achieving set goals. Self-actualization, the fifth level, is the summit of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It is the quest (追求)to reach one’s full human potential. In this process people tend to have needs such as truth, justice, wisdom, and spiritual fulfillment. Despite the appealing logic of Maslow’s hierarchy, it seems to have some limits. Extensive research has suggested that there is little evidence for the ranking of levels and the argument of a definite hierarchy. Moreover, the concept of self-actualization is not clear, and there is no evidence to show that every individual can reach it. Maslow was the first psychologist to carry out academic research on human needs. He believed everybody should be encouraged to discover their vocations (使命)in life and try their best to make life better. These are still important lessons today. Questions 71—75 Complete the summary with a maximum of two words from the passage, changing the form where necessary. American psychologist Abraham Maslow used his “hierarchy of needs“ theory to show that we must meet a number of 【R1】______before we can fulfill our potentials. At the lower levels, we need food and shelter, the feeling of 【R2】______, and a sense of belonging. After those, we need to seek 【R3】______for our abilities before finally 【R4】______to the state of self-actualization. Although there are problems with Maslow’s approach, it still offers 【R5】______today.

These days, college lecture halls in the United States are being filled more and more with female rather than male students. Women now make up 55 percent of the college population— and that number continues to rise. Forty years ago, male students were the majority on college campuses in the United States. Traditionally men acted as the breadwinner of the family and college was seen as the path to career advancement and higher salaries. But during the feminist movements of the 1970s, more women aspired to having careers and enrolled in college to pursue a degree. By the mid-1980s, more women than men were attending college. [*] At the same time, there was a decline in the number of males applying to college. Educators are uncertain of the cause of this decline, but it continues to affect enrdlment numbers for men in higher education. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, males leave or are kicked out of high school in higher numbers than females. And male students are three times more likely to be placed in special education programs. Author Christina Hoff Sommers attributes the drop in male enrollment to early stereotyping of boys as “aggressive“ and “non-academic“. Others believe the drop in male enrollment can be attributed to the growing number of men seeking jobs in repair, construction, and technology. These are careers that often don’t require a four-year degree from a university but still promise good salaries. The effect of there being more women than men at colleges has created some noticeable changes. The higher number of female students has led to more diverso classes and programs offered at universities. And at a graduation time, one may notice a difference in what types of university degrees are awarded to men and women. While women earn a higher percentage of bachelor’s and master’s degrees, men still earn a higher percentage of doctorate degrees. But fewer men on campus haven’t changed the male/female ratios in some majors. There are still fewer women in fields such as math, engineering, science and computers. To increase male enrollment, some schools have formed partnerships with male mentoring groups to encourage younger students to aim for college. Others have modified their recruiting and admissions policies, sending out extra mailings to boys and paying closer attention to male candidates. One female junior complained, “ It’s not fair that a boy would get extra weight over a girl, but it would be better if there were more boys on campus. “ The dilemma presents a challenge for colleges; How can a school attempt to close the gender gap in ways that ensure that both men and women have equal access to opportunities in universities? Questions 71—75 Complete the summary with a maximum of two words from the passage, changing the form where necessary. Universities in the United States currently have more female students than male students. Since the 1970s, more woman have chosen to pursue【R1】______, while the number of men enrolling in university【R2】______. Some researchers attribute this to discrimination against boys in high school. Other researchers believe that the drop in enrollment is because more men can find jobs with【R3】______that don’t require a university degree. Although the growing number of women has led to more diverse courses at universities, administrators would like to have more men enrolled. Universities now face【R4】______. How can they recruit more boys while at the same time【R5】______equal opportunity to girls at universities?

As the supply of genetically modified (GM)food increases, many people are unaware that some food they are eating is a product of the GM process. Scientists in a laboratory have artificially changed food by copying genes from one cell and putting them into another cell in order to achieve some supposedly desirable result. [*] Nowadays, there are a variety of GM foods being produced—such as soybean, nuts, and potato. The reason for the modification process is to make these foods resistant to insects and viruses so that farmers do not need to use much herbicide (除草剂). Taking the example of tomatoes, which are sensitive to the weather, they can be inserted with genes from a type of fish that lives in very cold seas so as to survive frost. Its supporters argue that GM technology is the future of food and has many advantages. They assert that because of GM food’s stronger resistance to nature’s forces, farmers can produce better harvests. Moreover, it can increase the worldwide supply of food, which can in turn help those areas suffering from food shortages. In addition, common food such as bananas and tomatoes can be injected with vaccines for illnesses to help prevent the spread of serious diseases. Nevertheless, there has been increased concern about the dangers of GM food. Some people have an unusual reaction to specific proteins called allergens (过敏原). Nuts and soybeans are two of the major sources of these allergies, and reactions to these foods can be life threatening. In addition , the ecosystem might be destroyed by the GM process—the practice of feeding animals with GM crops could lead to health problems related to growth or metabolism (新陈代谢). The U. S. , Canada, and Argentina, the world’s three largest producers of GM foods, have challenged countries that protect against GM products. Meanwhile, the EU has urged for a wise and careful approach to this matter, labeling products containing GM elements, and some European companies have stopped using GM ingredients. GM food is a complex issue associated with both benefits and risks. The debate on it will continue until we fully examine the long-term consequences. Questions 71—75 Complete the summary with a maximum of two words from the passage, changing the form where necessary. Genetic modification refers to the process of copying genes from one cell and putting them into another cell, which is aimed at 【R1】______some supposedly desirable result. More and more genetically modified (GM)food is being produced. It can be 【R2】______ to nature’s forces, insects and viruses, and benefit farmers and areas that 【R3】______food shortages. Although it has many advantages, there is also increased concern about it. Some countries produce GM foods, while others take measures to 【R4】______GM products. The debate on it will not stop until the long-term consequences are 【R5】______.