If there is any endeavor whose fruits should be freely available, that endeavor is surely publicly financed science. Morally, taxpayers who wish to should be able to read about it without further expense. And science advances through cross-fertilization between projects. Barriers to that exchange slow it down. There is a widespread feeling that the journal publishers who have mediated this exchange for the past century or more are becoming an impediment to it. One of the latest converts is the British government. Recently it announced that, the results of taxpayer-financed research would be available, free and online, for anyone to read and redistribute. Britain’s government is not alone. Soon the European Union followed suit. In the U.S., the National Institutes of Health (NIH, the single biggest source of civilian research funds in the world) has required open-access publishing since 2008. And the Wellcome Trust, a British foundation that is the world’s second-biggest charitable source of scientific money, after the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, also insists that those who receive its support should make their work available free. Criticism of journal publishers usually boils down to two things. One is that their processes take months, when the Internet could enable them to take days. The other is that because each paper is like a mini-monopoly, which workers in the field have to read if they are to advance their own research, there is no incentive to keep the price down. The publishers thus have scientists — or, more accurately, their universities, which pay the subscriptions — in an armlock. That, combined with the fact that the raw material (manuscripts of papers) is free, leads to generous returns. In 2011, Elsevier, a large Dutch publisher, made a profit of ￡768 million on revenues of ￡2.06 billion — a margin of 37 percent. Indeed, Elsevier’s profits are thought so egregious by many people that 12,000 researchers have signed up to boycott the company’s journals. Publishers do provide a service. They organize peer reviews, in which papers are criticized anonymously by experts (though those experts, like the authors of papers, are seldom paid for what they do). They also sort the scientific sheep from the goats, by deciding what gets published, and where. That gives the publishers huge power. Since researchers, administrators and grant-awarding bodies all take note of which work has got through this filtering mechanism, the competition to publish in the best journals is intense, and the system becomes self-reinforcing, increasing the value of those journals still further. But not, perhaps, for much longer. Support has been swelling for open-access scientific publishing: doing it online, in a way that allows anyone to read papers free of charge. The movement started among scientists themselves, but governments are paying attention and asking whether they might also benefit from the change. Much remains to be worked out. Some fear the loss of the traditional journals’ curation and verification of research. Even Sir Mark Walport, the director of the Wellcome Trust and a fierce advocate of open-access publication, worries that the newly liberated papers have ended up in different places rather than being consolidated in the way they want. A revolution, then, has begun. Technology permits it; researchers and politicians want it. If scientific publishers are not trembling in their boots, they should be.

The first two paragraphs intend to indicate that______.

A．taxpayers should make great efforts to exchange ideas

B．publishers are regarded as a negative factor in science

C．the government is liable to pay for research expenses

D．the results of research projects are freely available to the public

According to Paragraph 3, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation______.

A．is a very important provider of research funding

B．argues that researchers make their findings public freely

C．has a monopoly on any research results with its financial support

D．follows the example set by the U.S. NIH

According to the passage, people who are unhappy with publishers of scientific journals______.

A．criticize the unfair publication of scientific articles

B．object to their slowness and the high costs of the journals

C．blame them for the slow pace of recent scientific progress

D．think that journals should be abolished as an obstacle to freedom of speech

According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true?

A．Mini-monopoly seems to advance scientific research.

B．Subscription is a major source of margins for the journals.

C．Publishers make great profits by keeping the price down.

D．Researchers subscribe to journals to receive free manuscripts.

The author mentions the concerns of Sir Mark Walport, who______.

A．strongly supports current publishing arrangements and models

B．worries about the poor quality of current scientific publication

C．believes that the weaknesses of open-access journals can easily be overcome

D．is afraid that good papers in open-access journals may be neglected

The passage intends to______.

A．argue that academic journals face a radical shake-up

B．illustrate that the publishing formalities need not to change

C．report that the publication of papers faces intense competition

D．discuss that scientific research is shifting to free access

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The first two paragraphs intend to indicate that______.

According to Paragraph 3, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation______.

According to the passage, people who are unhappy with publishers of scientific journals______.

The word “egregious“ underlined in Paragraph 4 means______.

According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true?

In the phrase “sort the scientific sheep from the goats“ underlined in Paragraph 5, the author uses a metaphorical device termed______.

Before the publication of papers, peer reviews are to______.

The author mentions the concerns of Sir Mark Walport, who______.

What does the author think of the future of open-access journals?

The passage intends to______.