While anti-slavery sentiment eventually dictated policy in both the United States and Great Britain, the course of abolition differed greatly in the two nations. In America, the institution of slavery was strongly defended in a debate that ultimately resulted in the Civil War of 1860. In Britain, by contrast, slavery was done away with by 1807 and barred throughout its colonial possessions by 1833. In analyzing Britain’s course, historians have well documented the influences of economic change, humanitarian protest and reform movement. One factor that has been largely ignored by scholars, however, is the impetus that was provided by children’s literature. This medium gained great popularity in Britain during the last half of the 18th century and provided direct access to young, impressionable minds. Consequently, children’s literature constituted the perfect vehicle for spreading of humanitarian ideas and played a vital role in creating anti-slavery concerns. In 1761, John Newberry’s Tom Telescope included the first known reference to the slave trade in children’s literature. Tom, the book’s hero, took issue with a man who was fond of his household pet yet, as a slave merchant, thought “nothing of separating the husband from the wife, the parents from the children“. Slavery was not only cruel and oppressive, Tom seemed to be saying, but it was also irrational and contrary to natural law. Written before much of the horrors of the Atlantic slave trade were revealed, Tom Telescope contained an implicit message. Soon afterwards, writers and publishers were in a position to be more explicit. One of the leaders in this movement was the Society of Friends who, in 1787, published Little Truths. Passages in this work directly related conditions aboard slave ships: “ children were in the ship, pressed like fishes in barrel. “ Around the turn of the 18th century, blacks were introduced for the first time as main characters in children’s literature. An early example of this device is found in Thomas Day’s immensely popular. The History of Sandford and Merton, in which a black beggar miraculously rescues Harry Sandford from a raging bull. Significantly, Day says very little about the institution of slavery itself, but the reader is left with no doubt that it is inhuman and cruel. While it would be misleading to assume that every children’s book published between 1750 and 1850 contained anti-slavery sentiments, the numbers are significant enough to suggest that they played a vital role in shaping their attitudes toward blacks. At the same time, even when the capabilities of blacks were recognized, there was always a tendency to depict them as different rather than equal. Perhaps unwittingly, children’s literature helped to form a stereotype that — while successfully attacking slavery — also strengthened the 19th century Englishmen’s sense of racial superiority.

The American Civil War was primarily caused by______.

A．the sympathy of the slaves by the people

B．the strong opposition to abolish the slavery system

C．the defense of human rights

D．the influences of economic change, humanitarian protest and reform movement

According to the text, all of the following may be the factors in creating anti-slavery sentiment in the British territories except______.

A．children’s literature

B．protest by humanitarian groups

C．the Civil War of 1860

D．economic changes and the reform movement

The word “impetus“ underlined in Paragraph 2 means______.

A．the force that moves the anti-slavery movement forward

B．the desire to excite children’s interest

C．the factor that influences public opinion

D．the potential of children’s literature

John Newberry’s Tom Telescope may be______.

A．a pamphlet that deals with slavery system

B．a book of adventures for children

C．a book of children’s literature that deals with slavery issues

D．a newspaper that expresses the opinions of politicians in Britain

It can be inferred from the text that at the time of the publication of John Newberry’s Tom Telescope in 1760______.

A．there seemed to be no anti-slavery sentiment in England

B．little was known about the horrors of conditions aboard slave ships

C．the hero of the book, Tom, became a popular literary character in England

D．it was generally accepted in England that slavery was irrational and contrary to natural law

According to the author, which of the following is true about British authors of children’s literature in the mid-18th century?

A．They believed that blacks were equal rather than different.

B．A significant number of these writers were opposed to slavery.

C．Their writing played a major role in all reforms of the 19th century.

D．Most were not only talented story-writers but accomplished historians.

Which of the following best describes the organization of the text?

A．Current beliefs on new evidence is presented.

B．A theory is presented and then data are introduced to support it.

C．An observation is made and then some exceptions to it are noted.

D．An idea is first supported and then evidence is introduced to challenge it.

The primary purpose of the text is to______..

A．emphasize the unnatural oppression inherent in the institution of slavery

B．highlight the way the abolition of slavery in Great Britain differed from that in the U.S.

C．underline the continued racism in Great Britain despite it’s abolition of slavery

D．discuss the influence of the 18th and 19th century children’s literature on the debate over slavery in Britain

According to the author, children’s books published between 1750 and 1850______.

A．were entirely positive to the black slaves in Britain

B．depicted the black as equals of the white

C．helped to form a stereotype which strengthened the black racial superiority

D．not only contained anti-slavery sentiments but also had certain negative effects on the blacks

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