A large part of effective leadership is dependent on something called “ style“. But style is difficult to teach, and what makes one leader great and another mediocre is not easily defined. Leadership always implies power, and a broad definition in this context is that leadership includes the power to influence thoughts and actions of others in such a way that they achieve higher satisfaction and/or performance. Over the past century, there have been three major approaches to understanding leadership. Identifying leadership traits, or the physical and psychological characteristics of leaders, was die first formal approach, and had a lot of intuitive appeal. It owed its origins to the turn of the century (about 1904) when trait studies began. At this time most American leaders came from certain wealthy families, the vast majority were white males, and there were some social norms about what leaders looked like (tall, square jaw, well groomed, etc. ). The original assumption that “ leaders are born, not made“ has been discredited, because there were too many exceptions to the traits to give mem any credibility. Beginning after World War II, in sharp contrast to the trait approach, the behavioral approach looked at what a leader does, what behaviors leaders use that set them apart from others. This approach assumed that leadership could be learned. Virtually all of the studies focused on classifying behaviors according to whether they fell into a process or “people approach“ (satisfying individual needs), or a “task approach“ (getting the job done). The basis for this classification was in the discovery in social psychology that every group needs someone to fulfill both these roles in the group for it to be effective. The earliest of these studies began in Ohio State University and the University of Michigan in the late 1940s. Many of the early trait and behavioral writers tried to make their ideas applicable to all leadership situations. The earliest situational approach to leadership was developed in 1958. This approach strived to identify characteristics of the situation that allowed one leader to be effective where another was not. The trend later developed toward the third approach, understanding the unique characteristics of a situation and what kind of leadership style best matches with these.

Which of the following questions does the author answer in Paragraph 1?

A．What is “style“?

B．Is power the most important aspect of leadership?

C．How many main historical approaches have there been to leadership?

D．Why is leadership so difficult to define?

The assumption that “leaders are born, not made“ has lost credibility because______.

A．better theories have since been developed

B．there were too many exceptions to the rule

C．it was found not to be the most important factor

D．it was not proved after World War II

What was the assumption of the behavioral approach?

A．That leaders are born, not made.

B．That leadership could be learned.

C．That leadership could be classified into two functions.

D．That every effective group needs someone to fill each of the two roles.

What is the foundation for the classification of behaviors in the behavioral approach?

A．That an effective group needs both task and process roles fulfilled.

B．That getting the job done is a more important task than satisfying individual needs.

C．That both could be taught.

D．That both could be applied to all leadership situations.

The statement is______incorrect. substantially inherently exhaustedly prudently

The rebels are planning the______of the King and the establishment of a republic. exchange persecution overthrow subordination

Heart______is much more common these days than it was even ten years ago. surgery surgeon work circulation

I was discharged in 1947 and, motivated by intellectual curiosity, decided upon a career in medical research at a time when such a choice was not______. fashionable adaptable welcome warmhearted

Unfortunately, Gutzom Borglun died in 1941, just a few months______finishing his college education. lack in short of not enough for insufficient in

The teacher______his fingers on the desk impatiently while waiting for the student’s answer. sprayed nodded rocked tapped

As a result the composers ended up taking home tapes of real performances rather than desperately struggling to______the notes. get at get over get on get through

Why don’t you______insurance on your possessions? take out take off take for take up

As the proverb says: He that shuts love out, as a result, shall be shut out from love. in order in return in rotation in turn

A man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a member of some familial, professional or religious group, or as a member of a crowd. intimate very familiar relating to the family private

The boss took it for granted that his secretary should keep him well-informed. assumed that it was true without doubt believed that it was true without making sure agreed that it was necessary thought that it was beneficial

The joke killed the audience. made the audience laugh to death made the audience unimaginative made the audience very painful made the audience very nervous

It is postulated that population trends have an effect on economic fluctuations. challenged assumed deducted decreed

The library she worked in lent books, magazines, audio-cassettes and maps to its customers. borrowers lenders patrons clients

Earth observations should provide “ value added “ applications from existing environmental services, property title holders and process driven financial firms, while creating greater liquidity within the corporations that use them. as to for with

The complete range from sizes and shapes of the human population can be examined to determine reach, access and viewing capabilities. into within of upon

The hands on this clock are lubricate so that it can be seen in the dark. luminous luminary lugubrious lubricable

These include design for reliability, design for serviceability, design for modularity and design for quality, which must be applied in the entire system. for to with as

Through receiving financial support from family, community or the government, is allowed, it is never admired. As Once Although Lest

He meant telling us about it, but he forgot to tell us. to be telling telling to have told having told

Which of the following questions does the author answer in Paragraph 1?

The word “context“ underlined in Paragraph 1 means______.

The assumption that “leaders are born, not made“ has lost credibility because______.

According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT one of the three major approaches to understanding leadership?

The word “norms“ underlined in Paragraph 2 means______.

The word “them“ underlined in Paragraph 2 means______.

What was the assumption of the behavioral approach?

What is the foundation for the classification of behaviors in the behavioral approach?

The word “strived“ underlined in Paragraph 2 means______.

Which of the three approaches tended to later gain most acceptance?