Some pioneering work that began as an attempt to discover ways to increase production efficiency led to the founding of the human relations movement in industry and to the development of motivational skills and tools for managers. In 1927 researchers were involved in determining the optimum amount of lighting, temperature, and humidity (with lighting being considered the most important) for the assembly of electronic components at Western Electric. The researchers found that lighting had no consistent effect on production. In fact, production sometimes increased when lighting was reduced to the level of ordinary moonlight! The important part of this experiment began when two Harvard researchers, Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger, were brought in to investigate these unexpected results further. They found that workers were responding not to the level of lighting but to the fact that they were being observed by the experimenters. This phenomenon came to be known as the Hawthorne effect since the experiments were conducted at the Western Electric Hawthorne Plant. This was the first documented and widely published evidence of the psychological effects on doing work, and it led to the first serious effort aimed at examining psychological and social factors in the workplace. Further experiments were continued for five years. Generally, the researchers concluded from their experiments that economic motivation (pay) was not the sole source of productivity and, in some cases, not even the most important source. Through interviews and test results, the researchers focused on the effects of work attitudes, supervision, and the peer group and other social forces, on productivity. Their findings laid the groundwork for modern motivation theory, and the study of human factors on the job, which continues to this day in such common practices as selection and training, establishing favorable work conditions, counseling, and personnel operations. The contributions of this experiment shifted the focus of human motivation from economics to a multifaceted approach including psychological and social forces.

What is the passage primarily about?

A．The first widely published development in modern motivation theory.

B．Shifting the focus of human motivation from economics to a multifaceted approach.

C．The importance of careful research.

D．The results of a pioneering study at Western Electric.

The most significant finding of the original research was______.

A．lighting had no consistent effect on production

B．production sometimes increased when lighting was reduced to the level of ordinary moonlight

C．that lighting was no more important than the other factors of temperature and humidity

D．the results were unexpected and confusing

Why does the author say that the important part of this research began when two Harvard researchers were brought in?

A．Until then the research had been poorly conducted.

B．They took a multifaceted approach.

C．The results of the original research did not make sense.

D．Harvard had a good reputation in conducting research.

The research became known as the “Hawthorne effect“ because______.

A．it was the name of the plant where the study was conducted

B．it was the name suggested by the Harvard researchers

C．it was the name of the principal experimenter

D．There were Hawthorne plants growing at Western Electric where the study was conducted

Part of the reason for the change in focus from economics to a more multifaceted approach to the psychological effects on doing work was______.

A．due to the recognition that workers should be happy at work to maintain high productivity

B．a general conclusion that pay was sometimes not the most important factor

C．because the Hawthorne study continued for so long

D．because the workers requested it

According to the passage, it can be concluded that a “multifaceted approach“ to human motivation in the workplace to______.

A．exclude economics

B．lead to greater productivity

C．exclude physical conditions

D．focus mainly on psychological and social forces

Which of the following is NOT true about the Hawthorne study?

A．It was the first documented evidence of the psychological effects on doing work.

B．The Hawthorne study continued for five years.

C．They found that the workers responded not to the level of lighting but to the fact that other work conditions were not favorable.

D．The study changed the focus from economics to a multifaceted approach.

The statement is______incorrect. substantially inherently exhaustedly prudently

The rebels are planning the______of the King and the establishment of a republic. exchange persecution overthrow subordination

Heart______is much more common these days than it was even ten years ago. surgery surgeon work circulation

I was discharged in 1947 and, motivated by intellectual curiosity, decided upon a career in medical research at a time when such a choice was not______. fashionable adaptable welcome warmhearted

Unfortunately, Gutzom Borglun died in 1941, just a few months______finishing his college education. lack in short of not enough for insufficient in

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As a result the composers ended up taking home tapes of real performances rather than desperately struggling to______the notes. get at get over get on get through

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As the proverb says: He that shuts love out, as a result, shall be shut out from love. in order in return in rotation in turn

A man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a member of some familial, professional or religious group, or as a member of a crowd. intimate very familiar relating to the family private

The boss took it for granted that his secretary should keep him well-informed. assumed that it was true without doubt believed that it was true without making sure agreed that it was necessary thought that it was beneficial

The joke killed the audience. made the audience laugh to death made the audience unimaginative made the audience very painful made the audience very nervous

It is postulated that population trends have an effect on economic fluctuations. challenged assumed deducted decreed

The library she worked in lent books, magazines, audio-cassettes and maps to its customers. borrowers lenders patrons clients

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The complete range from sizes and shapes of the human population can be examined to determine reach, access and viewing capabilities. into within of upon

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