Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes. In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual unite. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group, and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued. While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation. In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic; the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

What is the author’s main purpose in Paragraph 1 of the passage?

A．To explain how cooperation differs from competition and conflict

B．To show the importance of group organization and attitudes

C．To offer a brief definition of cooperation

D．To urge readers to cooperate more often

In the primary cooperation______.

A．group and individual don’t have to unite

B．the group contains nearly all of each person’s life

C．individuals work for themselves

D．people don’t value cooperation

Which of the following statements about primary cooperation is supported by information in the passage?

A．It was limited in prehistoric times.

B．It is usually the first stage of cooperation achieved by a group of individuals attempting to cooperate.

C．It is an ideal that can never be achieved.

D．It is most commonly seen among people who have not yet developed reading and writing skills.

According to the passage, why do people join groups that practice secondary cooperation?

A．To share the happiness with others.

B．To get rewards for themselves.

C．To associate with people who have similar backgrounds.

D．To defeat a common enemy.

Which of the following is an example of the third form of cooperation as it is defined in Paragraph 4?

A．Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades.

B．A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company.

C．Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party.

D．Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow.

Which of the following best describes the overall organization of the passage?

A．The author describes a concept by analyzing its three forms.

B．The author compares and contrasts two types of human relations.

C．The author presents the points of view of three experts on the same topic.

D．The author provides a number of concrete examples and then draws a conclusion.

Whenever the government increases public services, ______because more workers are needed to carry out these services. employment to rise employment rises which rising employment the rise of employment

Good pencil erasers are soft enough not______paper but hard enough so that they crumble gradually when used. by damaging so that they damage to damage damaging

Hydroponics______the cultivation of plants without soil. does is do are

To impose computer technology______teachers is to create an environment that is not conducive to learning. with to in on

______get older, the games they play become increasingly complex. Children Children, when they As children For children to

______of his childhood home in Hannibal, Missouri, provided Mark Twain with the inspiration for two of his most popular novels. Remembering Memories It was the memories He remembered

Most nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are a______. scarcity minority minimum shortage

The only problem with the debate last week was that the beginning sounded more like a personal attack than a dispassionate, intellectual arguing. discussion argument talk speech

Since her father could not drive her to the airport, she requested her uncle to drive her instead. take bring dispatch deliver

The book, which is a useful guide for today’s young people, deals with many questions and problems that face them at school and at home as well as in society. are faced confront in opposition meet

On the slope of Long’s Peak in Colorado that lies the ruin of a gigantic tree. lying lies lied lays

I will go home for the vacation as soon as I have finished my exams. will finish am finishing am going to finish finish

Live with deadly snakes is a way of life for them, not something that terrorizes them. Living with Having lived with Lived with To live with

Not until 1798, when Eli Whitney came up with a new idea, guns had been made by skilled gunsmiths, one at a time. To In Since Until

No such weapons were used and none been found. none have been none has no other has been no others been

The general manager demanded the job will be completed before the National Day. would be completed must be completed had to be completed be completed

The achievements of the greatest minds in science could never have been reached if it had not been for the patient and accurate work of hundreds of other people. has it not been had it not been if hasn’t been if it had been

The government has hardly taken measures to crack down on these crimes when new one occurred. Hardly had the government taken The government had hardly taken Hardly the government had taken The government is hardly taking

The first and most important agents of socialization are the people who care for infants. In the earliest months, messages from nurturers constitute the child’s basic understanding of the world around it. This is the infant’s first introduction to the language that shapes perception and elicits emotion. Another powerful source of information and socialization is the friendship of peers. Peers are equals that one can deal with on the same level as oneself, whereas parents are superiors. The heavy emotional overlay of family relationships makes some kinds of learning difficult. Much formal socialization is placed in the hands of professionals. Teachers from kindergarten on are specifically designated agents of socialization. Ideally, a teacher is one who has both knowledge and the skills to present it. During the course of teaching their subjects, classroom instructors provide role models and attempt to convey the excitement of learning itself. In earlier times, parents, friends and teachers would comprise the list of primary childhood socializers. Children’s books, comics and magazines might also have been mentioned as sources of information on norms and role models. Today one must add three powerful indirect or non-personal socialization agents: radio, movies and television. Many people learn about politics, form a vision of well-being, and develop attitudes towards others from what they see on the screen and hear through the speakers.

Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes. In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual unite. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group, and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued. While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation. In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic; the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

What is the author’s main purpose in Paragraph 1 of the passage?

The underlined word “cherished“ in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to______.

In the primary cooperation______.

Which of the following statements about primary cooperation is supported by information in the passage?

According to the passage, why do people join groups that practice secondary cooperation?

Which of the following is an example of the third form of cooperation as it is defined in Paragraph 4?

Which of the following is NOT given as a name for the third type of cooperation?

The underlined word “fragile“ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to______.

As used throughout the passage, the term “common“ is closest in meaning to which of the following?

Which of the following best describes the overall organization of the passage?