Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes. In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual unite. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group, and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued. While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation. In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic; the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

What is the author’s main purpose in Paragraph 1 of the passage?

A．To explain how cooperation differs from competition and conflict

B．To show the importance of group organization and attitudes

C．To offer a brief definition of cooperation

D．To urge readers to cooperate more often

In the primary cooperation ______.

A．group and individual don’t have to unite

B．the group contains nearly ail of each person’s life

C．individuals work for themselves

D．people don’t value cooperation

Which of the following statements about primary cooperation is supported by information in the passage?

A．It was limited in prehistoric times.

B．It is usually the first stage of cooperation achieved by a group of individuals attempting to cooperate.

C．It is an ideal that can never be achieved.

D．It is most commonly seen among people who have not yet developed reading and writing skills.

According to the passage, why do people join groups that practice secondary cooperation?

A．To share the happiness with others.

B．To get rewards for themselves.

C．To associate with people who have similar backgrounds.

D．To defeat a common enemy.

Which of the following is an example of the third form of cooperation as it is defined in Paragraph 4?

A．Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades.

B．A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company.

C．Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party.

D．Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow.

Which of the following best describes the overall organization of the passage?

A．The author describes a concept by analyzing its three forms.

B．The author compares and contrasts two types of human relations.

C．The author presents the points of view of three experts on the same topic.

D．The author provides a number of concrete examples and then draws a conclusion.

One of the old soldiers was penitent that they______all the prisoners after the battle. assassinated eliminated massacred murdered

Donkeys and camels are still widely used in some parts of the world as beasts of______. cargo freight burden lading

His speech had at least the______of being short. value merit excellence perfection

These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the______of higher education from the mid-1860s to the mid-1880s. branch category domain scope

You should______the gears of your car. degenerate dedicate lubricate generate

His red hair and short______made him easy to recognize. statue statute stature status

The condition of the accident victim is deteriorating. I doubt if he will______. pull through pull out pull across pull over

The socio-economic benefits of education are many; most nations require mandatory schooling. documentary commentary factory obligatory

It will outline the technologies, markets, customers, financial requirements, risks, returns and commercial strategies adopted by entrants into this new industry. composers competitors inventors creators

Convergence of satellite and terrestrial telephony is certain to deepen as the technical hurdles of multi-standard handset development and infrastructure integration fall. initiatives obstacles warnings orders

A commentary on current business trends and activities is put forward; past performance of past activities is studied to focus on the future. dictation fiction annotation illusion

Such legal entities provide the means for international cooperation and support of macroprojects related to the moon and mars that encourage global private sector participation. existences vitalities persistences complicities

For each of these targeted markets, the technology transfer brokers have identified several needs and have performed matching research for space technology or know-how which could potentially respond to these needs. facilities devices agents pallids

Customer benefit would be measured by its incentive to become smart buyers and influence the marketplace to provide products and services that anticipate, meet and even exceed their needs. passive passionate increasing stimulus

While many studies indicate that remotely sensed data provide cost-effective and up-to-date information in managing earth resources, use of the tremendous amount of already available data in meaningful applications has not reached its full potential. trivial remarkable initial capable

Students of how children learn language generally agree that the most remarkable aspect of this feat is the rapid acquisition of grammar. skill puberty indulge chide

Joe will have his father’s gold watch because it is handed through in the family. handed up handed below handed down handed downwards

The teachers want to take away with the cheating in examinations in their school. do away with put away with get away with turn away with

Of course, there have been times, as a young man, when I got tired from study and devoted my time to playing. tired of got tired of tired up used to tire of

Mr. Faugel was convinced that student nervousness had affected their scores; to reduce the anxiety of these students who had already been tested, he gave 22 of them a beta blocker before readministration of the test. Their scores improved significantly. The other 8 students (who did not receive the beta blockers) improved only slightly. Second-time test-takers nation-wide had average improvements which were similar to those in Faugel’s non-beta blocker group. Beta blockers are prescription drugs which have been around for 25 years. These medications, which interfere with the effects of adrenalin, have been used for heart conditions and for minor stress such as stage fright. Now they are used for test anxiety. These drugs seem to help test-takers who have low scores because of test fright, but not those who do not know the material. Since there can be side effects from these beta blockers, physicians are not ready to prescribe them routinely for all test-takers.

What is the author’s main purpose in Paragraph 1 of the passage?

The underlined word “cherished“ in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.

In the primary cooperation ______.

Which of the following statements about primary cooperation is supported by information in the passage?

According to the passage, why do people join groups that practice secondary cooperation?

Which of the following is an example of the third form of cooperation as it is defined in Paragraph 4?

Which of the following is NOT given as a name for the third type of cooperation?

The underlined word “fragile“ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to.

As used throughout the passage, the term “common“ is closest in meaning to which of the following?

Which of the following best describes the overall organization of the passage?