1 After the United States purchased Louisiana from France, President Jefferson called for an expedition to explore the new territory. Jefferson’s secretary, Meriwether Lewis, led the expedition, along with army officer William Clark. The Lewis and Clark expedition would discover an abundance of natural wealth, about which the two young explorers would return to tell the world. When the expedition departed in 1804, there were twenty-nine members, including a few Frenchmen and several frontiersmen from Kentucky. Along the way they picked up an interpreter named Toussant Charbonneau and his wife Sacajawea, the Shoshone “Bird Woman,“ who aided them as guide and peacemaker. 2 During the long journey, the explorers met friendly Otos and hostile Teton Sioux. They discovered giant buffalo herds and the bones of a forty-five-foot dinosaur. They encountered antelope so innocent of human contact that they tamely approached the men. Both Lewis and Clark kept detailed journals, cataloging an astonishing array of new plants and animals.

The flavor of a salad oil is Ausually enhanced by the foods Bthat are preserved in it, and Cthis improves the taste of Dyours salads.

Mary Pickford, Aan actress known as “America’s Sweetheart,“ Bwas most famous for Chis roles in Dfilms such as The Poor Little Rich Girl and Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm.

AWe laugh during moments of anxiety because we Bfeel a loss of control, and Cour laughter reassures Dours that we can cope with the situation.

The thymus gland,______is located in the upper part of the chest, produces cells that help fight infection. it who that which

Bicycle messengers have existed for a hundred years in New York, and______number reached a peak in the 1990s. its his they their

Eugene O’Neill’s plays have been compared to______of the ancient Greeks. their whose they those

A demonstration of the link between long life and health practices______study in California. are coming from come from the comes from a it came from the

In addition to international banking and______, Panama is also known for growing bananas. oil refining an oil refining the oil refining type of oil refining

Whether true bulb, rhizome, or tuberous root, all bulbs produce flowers year after year. The true bulbs are the daffodils and tulips. Rhizomes produce the calla lily; tuberous roots produce the dahlia and begonia. Some bulbs are hardy, able to stay in the ground all winter. Others are tender and must be dug up and stored when temperatures drop. The word Others in the passage refers to rhizomes tuberous roots dahlia and begonia bulbs

The causes of most disease, parasites such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, all specialize in breaking into cells, either to eat them, as fungi and bacteria do, or, like viruses, to subvert their genetic machinery for the purpose of making new viruses. Either way, parasites must get into cells. To do that, they employ protein molecules that bind to other molecules on cell surfaces. The struggle between parasites and their hosts is all about these binding procedures.

Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage below. Where would the sentence best fit? The Romans built many in Europe, as did the Chinese at around the same time. Early bridges were built on the principle of the pillar and beam. Vertical pillars and horizontal beams stretched from one side of a river to the other. However, with beam construction, the span had to be short. A Long crossings required many pillars, which would impede river traffic. B The arch, a relatively late development, provided a much more elegant solution. The arch could reach high above the river, leaving shipping lanes unobstructed. C When constructed of stone, the arch could bear a tremendous load. Stone arch bridges were suitable for carrying roads over rivers and for carrying aqueducts. D The tradition of building stone arch bridges continued for nearly two thousand years.

Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage below. Where would the sentence best fit? With the completion of the first transcontinental railroad, they had access to those of the West as well. Historians who have examined the intellectual origins of the national park system have discovered the essential role of the railroads in promoting the American West. A Tourists in search of spectacular scenery had always traveled to the natural wonders of the East, such as Niagara Falls in New York. B Without the railroads, the natural beauty of the West might never have been preserved. The railroads did everything possible to stimulate interest in the West. C The Southern Pacific Railroad founded Sunset, a monthly magazine supporting artists, photographers, and journalists who chronicled the wonders of the region. The Santa Fe Railway displayed paintings of the Grand Canyon and other southwestern landscapes in its stations. D By emphasizing the imposing features of the West, the railroads helped inspire the government to preserve these wild lands as national parks.

TOEFL iBT Speaking. In this integrated speaking task, you will read a short passage about a campus situation, listen to a conversation, and then speak in response to a question about what you have read and heard. Do not look at the question until the conversation has ended. Do not look at the reading passage while you are speaking. Reading Time - 45 seconds Notice of Changes at the Counseling Center We regret to inform you that the Counseling Center will no longer be open five days a week. Starting on March 15, the Center will be open only on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays, from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Another change is the new fee of $25 for our special workshops. These workshops, which were formerly free of charge, include evening and weekend courses in career planning, stress management, and test preparation. The above changes are due to budget cuts and increased costs throughout the college. Despite these changes, however, we will continue to provide our students with high-quality counseling services. Now cover the passage and listen to the conversation. You may take notes, and you may use your notes to help you answer the question. After you hear the question, begin preparing your response. You may look at the question, but NOT at the passage. You have 30 seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds to speak. The woman expresses her opinion about the changes at the Counseling Center. State her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion. Stop Preparation Time - 30 seconds Response Time - 60 secondsNow listen to two students as they discuss the changes at the Counseling Center. M: Did you see the announcement about the Counseling Center? W: Yes, I did. They’ll be open only three days instead of five. How could they do that to us? M: Budget cuts—that’s how. W: Well, it’s not fair to students, especially those of us who can’t get there on the days when it’s open. I need to talk to someone about finding a job after graduation, but I have a pretty heavy schedule. The only day I have free time is Friday, but now they’re closed on Friday. M: I see your point. W: I might be interested in one of the evening workshops, but now there’s a fee for those. M: I saw that—twenty-five dollars! W: That’s too much for something that used to be free. It’s unfair to charge us for a class in career planning, especially since our tuition went up this year too. I know they need to make budget cuts, but why cut the Counseling Center? That should be a basic service included in our tuition. M: I agree. W: We should complain to someone about this. The woman expresses her opinion about the changes at the Counseling Center. State her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.

Memory begins to diminish in Asome people as early as Btheir forties, but Cthis does not mean Dhe will develop Alzheimer’s disease.

During the Civil War, the ANorth’s population, industrial capacity, and financial Bresources were Cmuch greater than Dthat of the South.

The Hurons, Awhom numbered about twenty Bthousand in the 1600s, Cwere a confederation of Native American groups Dthat spoke Wyandot, an Iroquoian language.

AA hurricane is a tropical storm in Bwhom the wind Creaches speeds of greater than 75 Dmiles per hour.

Like Amany realist writers before Bhe, novelist Theodore Dreiser told Cstories about ordinary people Dwho struggle with moral issues.

AThe films of the early Italian Bfilmmakers had larger casts and Cwere more lavish than Dthat made by the French.

AThe best known mimosa is the sensitive plant, Bwhose leaves fold up and Ccollapses under such Dstimuli as touch, darkness, or drought.

The word which in paragraph 1 refers to

The word who in paragraph 1 refers to

Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2?