What did each person say was the principal cause of stress for them? Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to questions 11-14. Possible causes of stress A bad management B dual-career family C fear of unemployment D new technologies E physical surroundings F powerlessness G too much workNow listen carefully and answer Questions 11 to 14. W: And now, after that old favourite from ’The Corrs’ entitled ’I never loved you anyway’, we have Dr John Greenhill to talk to us today about stress in the workplace. Is it getting worse Dr Greenhill? M: I’m not sure whether it’s getting worse or just that more people are talking about it. Certainly lots more people are complaining about it. I’ve just completed a study of 5,000 workers from 20 different countries. And I’ve taken a multicultural approach to the subject. W: And what have you found? M: That broadly speaking the causes of stress are similar the world over. For example, Ramon from Mexico City says that society measures people by individual success. But, he says, increasingly work is organised in teams. This means there’s a conflict between personal goals and the need to cooperate with one’s colleagues. He finds this an acute source of stress, actually. Then there’s Kikuko, from Osaka, Japan, who says she’s under a lot of stress because the company she’s worked for 30 years is in difficulties. She says it’s because her bosses made a number of bad decisions, but really what worries her most is that she might lose her job. You know, she’s in her 50s and at that age it’s not easy to find another one. She says that she also feels overworked and well that’s getting her stressed out too. Well, then there’s Boris, from Odessa in the Ukraine. He puts overwork at the top of his list of stressors. Then there are other factors. Both he and his wife have full-time jobs so that when they get home they don’t get to relax much either. I guess that’s a problem most of us can relate to! W: We always hear about computers, e-mails and cell phones as things which get people tearing their hair out. Is this true? M: Mmm. In many cases, yes, but not as much as you might think - only 15% of respondents give this as the main cause— Etienne from Quebec, Canada, is one — though he also mentions change and the feeling of being a victim of circumstances beyond his control. Other people talk about the amount of work which comes with continual change as being more stressing than new technologies themselves. People feel they lack stability in their working life. But we must remember that in many places it’s really lack of new technology that puts people under most pressure. Take Nagwa from Sohag in Egypt, for example. She says that for her the main source of stress was working in noisy, hot, unventilated conditions day in day out and with no end in sight. So it seems, we can’t win either way! Now listen and answer Questions 15 to 20. W: So, what can we as individuals do to make things easier for ourselves? M: Well, I’ve talked to a number of specialists about this - doctors and psychologists - and here are a few suggestions for reducing stress without you having to change your job! First, vary your diet: fish, pasta, vegetables, fruit and so on. Try not to live off sandwiches and fast food - a balanced diet in other words. Also, we tend to drink too much coffee. Caffeine, the drug in coffee, gets us more nervous. So, if you want to feel less stressed, drink less coffee. It’s tough at first but you’ll notice the difference within just a few days. Finally, take regular exercise. It’s a great way of relaxing and of course it makes you more healthy too! For particular causes of stress there are various things you can do. If your problem is that you think you’ve got too much work on your plate, what you probably need to do is manage time better. You have to learn to deal with the things which are really vital. Don’t waste time on trivialities. There are courses to help you with this. If you are worried about unemployment, make plans so that if it happens you are ready for it. Do things like set money aside and update your CV so it’s attractive to new employers. - As for new technologies, do training courses so that you feel at home with them and so that you don’t feel frightened of them. So in the end the best way to deal with stress is for you to take control of your life and not allow yourself to be a victim of circumstances. W: Thank you, Dr John Greenhill on fighting stress, and, just when you thought you could relax, here’s Dolly Parton working 9 to 5...

Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Example MIDDLEBURY LANGUAGE SCHOOL CLASS SCHEDULE Chinese Level:【L1】______ Days: Wednesday and Friday evenings Japanese Level: Beginning Days:【L2】______, Wednesday, and Friday mornings Level :【L3】______ Days: Wednesday, and Friday afternoons 【L4】______ Level: Intermediate Days: Friday mornings TUITION INFORMATION 【L5】______ courses $ 575 Four-week courses $ 410 One-week courses $ 【L6】______ Twelve-week courses $ 【L7】______ REGISTRATION INFORMATION Materials : A check, a phone ID and a【L8】______. Time:【L9】______ People in Charge: Mrs.【L10】______Listen carefully and answer Questions 1 to 4. W: Good afternoon. Middlebury Language School. May I help you? M: Yes, would you please give me some information on language classes. W: Of course. What language do you want to learn? M: Well, I’m not sure. I’m interested in learning Japanese, but I’d also like to improve my Chinese. It’s difficult to choose one to study right now. W: Maybe you can make your decision after learning something about the class schedule. What time do you prefer to study, morning, afternoon or evening? M: I have to work in the evenings, so mornings or afternoons would be best. W: Then that decides it for you. We offer an advanced Chinese class, but it meets on Wednesday and Friday evenings. M: I couldn’t do that. When do the Japanese classes meet? W: We have beginning Japanese on Tuesday and Thursday mornings, no wait, that’s advanced Japanese. What level do you want? Advanced? M: No, beginning. Definitely. I know some Chinese and some French, but I’m a real beginner with Japanese. W: Well then, are you free Monday, Wednesday, and Friday mornings? That’s when the beginning Japanese classes meet. M: I could do those mornings, but I’d prefer afternoon. Don’t you have anything in the afternoon? W: We have intermediate Japanese class on Wednesday and Friday afternoons. We also have intermediate French on Fridays mornings. M: I really need a beginner class. So I’ll take the morning Japanese class. Could you give me an idea of the cost? What would be the tuition for the Japanese class? Now listen and answer Questions 5 to 10. W: The beginning-level classes meet three times a week, so they cost a bit more than the other levels. For a six-week course, the cost would be $575. M: That’s a bit steep. W: If it’s hard for you to pay that much, you could sign up for just four weeks of class and pay $410. Or, you could pay for one week at a time, at $125 a week. M: That comes out to be much more expensive once you add up all the weeks. W: That’s true. You can save money by registering for two levels together. For example, pay for your beginning and intermediate classes now and you’ll get twelve weeks of class for just $1,050. M: That’s not a bad deal, but I can’t come up with that much money at once. I’ll just pay for the six-week course. W: Fine. That class begins next week, so you need to register right away. M: Can’t I register over the phone? W: No, I’m sorry, we don’t take phone registrations. What you’ll need to do is visit the school office today or tomorrow. Bring a check for the tuition and a photo ID. M: Is that all? W:Yes, we’ll give you a registration form to complete, or you can save time by visiting our website and downloading the form there. Complete it and bring it into the office with your check. M: Great. I’ll stop by this afternoon. W: Fine. When you arrive, ask for Mrs. Luisa. She’s in charge of student registration. M: I’m sorry, Mrs. who? W: Mrs. Luisa, spelled L-U-I-S-A. M: Thank you for your help. W: Thank you. We’ll look forward to seeing you in class.

Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. [*]Now listen carefully and answer Questions 31 to 40. Good morning everyone. Today I’m going to talk about some large language families. I’ll start my talk with two questions. Do you know how many languages are used throughout the world today? How many major language families are there? OK. There are more than 3000 languages used throughout the world today. Almost all of these languages belong to a much smaller number of language families. All of the languages within a language family are related and all of them have a similar history. Therefore the grammar, vocabulary, and sounds of related languages are similar. In addition, the way of thinking and the style of talking among related languages is similar. Even though there are over 3000 languages that are used today, there are only about 20 to 30 major language families. Let’s take a brief look at some of the largest language families. Each of these large families includes many individual languages. The language that we are using now is English. As everybody knows, English has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside England. It’s spoken by 320 million people. English is a member of the Indo European language family. This large language family includes most of the languages that are spoken throughout Europe, languages such as English, French, and Greek. Of course, nowadays many Indo European languages are spoken in other parts of the world. For instance, Spanish, which is an Indo European language, is spoken throughout South and Central America, but originally it was spoken only in Europe. Another large language family is the Afro-Asiatic family. I’ll spell it, A-F-R-O, A-S-I-A-T-I-C. The Afro-Asiatic family includes most languages in the area of North Africa. Languages such as Arabic, which is spoken throughout the Middle East, and many of the local languages of the Sahara Desert region such as Hausa are members of the same family. Another large family is Bantu, B-A-N-T-U. Bantu includes most of the languages spoken in central and southern Africa. Languages such as Swahili, which has millions of speakers, and smaller languages, such as Zulu, which has close to a hundred thousand speakers, belong to the Bantu family. There are over 250 members of this family. In the past few hundred years, there has been a great deal of change in Africa, and outside languages, such as French, are now spoken in some areas of central Africa and southern Africa. A fourth large group of languages is the Sino-Tibetan Family. Sino-Tibetan includes all dialects of Chinese, which is perhaps the most widely used language in the world. There are nearly 800 million speakers of Chinese dialects. Sino-Tibetan also includes the languages of Southeast Asia, languages such as Vietnamese and Thai. Of course, not all the languages of East Asia belong to this family. Some languages such as Japanese seem to be completely unrelated to the Sino-Tibetan family. Still another major language family is Polynesian. I’ll spell it, P-O-L-Y-N-E-S-I-A-N. The Polynesian languages are island languages. They are spoken on the islands around Indonesia, and on the many islands eastward all the way to Hawaii, and on the islands west all the way to Madagascar, off the east coast of Africa. Hawaiian and Indonesian are examples of Polynesian languages. Apparently, these languages were spread by travellers from island to island, and then each group of islands developed its own individual language. These five language groups,or language families, that we have mentioned here are only a few of the major language families around the world. There are many more. You should also note that each major language family has several smaller families within it.

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.Now listen carefully and answer Questions 21 to 26. T: We’re very pleased to welcome Professor Isaac Nebworth to our tutorial group today and he’s come to share one of his pet passions with us - city traffic and our western dependence on the motor car. I believe questions are quite welcome throughout. P: Thank you. Well, I know you’re all very familiar with the super highway here in Melbourne. But do super highways automatically lead to super wealth, as our politicians would have us believe? I think not. T: Can you give us an example of what you mean exactly? P: Sure well, by continuing to encourage this dependence on the motor car, we simply create more congestion and more urban sprawl. And you can see that here in Melbourne right under your nose. S: Excuse me. I would just like to say thatI feel the sprawl is part of the city. The freeways mean people can enjoy the benefits of living away from the centre... on larger blocks with gardens... but still be able to drive back into the city centre for work or entertainment. P: Well, I’m not convinced that people want to do that. And is our money being well spent? It may be OK for you now but come back to me in five years’ time! Let’s take City Link, for example, the new freeway here in Melbourne. S: Well... I use the freeway all the time. I think it’s great. P: Ah yes, but it cost $2 billion to build, and you could have gotten ten times the value by putting the money into public transport. If you give the automobile road space, it will fill that space... and you’ll soon find you’ll be crawling along your City Link. T: But surely, you cannot simply blame the car. Some of the blame must rest with governments and city planners? S: Well, there is an argument, surely, that building good roads is actually beneficial because most new cars these days are highly efficient - they use far less petrol than in the past and emissions of dangerous gases are low. Old congested roads, on the other hand, encourage traffic to move slowly and it’s the stationary cars that cause the pollution and smog... whereas good roads increase traffic speeds and thus the amount of time cars are actually on the roads. P: Well... this is the old argument put forward by the road lobby, but for me it’s clear-cut. Roads equal cars which equal smog. Public transport is the way to go. T: Now... on that topic of public transport, I read somewhere recently that Australia isn’t doing too badly in the challenge to increase the use of public transport. P: Better than America, granted, but by comparison with Canada, it’s not so good. For instance, if you compare Toronto with the US metropolis of Detroit only 160 kilometres away... in Detroit only 1% of passenger travel is by public transport whereas in Toronto it’s 24% which is considerably better than Sydney which can only boast 16%. T: Well, I think it’s encouraging that our least car-dependent city is actually our largest city. 16% of trips being taken on public transport in Sydney, isn’t too bad. P: But it’s a long way behind Europe. Take both London and Paris for instance... where 30% of all trips taken are on public transport. T: Well, they do both have an excellent underground system. P: ... and Frankfurt comes in higher still at 32%. Now listen and answer Questions 27 to 30. T: I understand that they’ve been successful in Copenhagen at ridding the city of the car. Can you tell us anything about that experiment? P: Yes indeed. Copenhagen is a wonderful example of a city that has learnt to live without the motor car. Back in the 1960s they adopted a number of policies designed to draw people back into the city. For instance they paid musicians and artists to perform in the streets. They also built cycle lanes and now 30% of the inhabitants of Copenhagen use a bicycle to go to work. Sydney by comparison can only boast 1% of the population cycling to work. S: It could have something to do with all the hills! P: Then they banned cars from many parts of the city and every year 3% of the city parking is removed and by constantly reducing parking they’ve created public spaces and clean air. S: Really! P: There are also freely available bicycles which you can hire for practically nothing. And of course, they have an excellent public transport system. S: Well, that’s all very well for Copenhagen. But I’d just like to say that some cities are just too large for a decent public transport system to work well. Particularly in areas with low population, because if there aren’t many people using the service then they don’t schedule enough buses or trains for that route. P: I accept that there is a vicious circle here but people do need to support the system. S: And secondly the whole process takes so long because usually you have to change... you know, from bus to train - that sort of thing, and that can be quite difficult. Ultimately it’s much easier to jump in your car. And often it turns out to be cheaper. P: Sure... but cheaper for whom, you or society? We have to work towards the ideal and not give in all the time because things are too difficult... Anyway let’s move on to some of the results of the survey...

Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Methods in daily routine that help reduce stress

Nagwa______.

Etienne______.

Boris______.

Kikuko______.