Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below. Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet. A hand-made and personal art works. B items that are not really popular with buyers but good value for money. C artists that seem to like real life topics. D artists who have used a particular type of material. E relatively cheap limited editions prints. F artists whose work is not often seen by the wider public.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading passage 1? In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Urban planning in Singapore British merchants established a trading post in Singapore in the early nineteenth century, and for more than a century trading interests dominated. However, in 1965 the newly independent island state was cut off from its hinterland, and so it set about pursuing a survival strategy. The good international communications it already enjoyed provided a useful base, but it was decided that if Singapore was to secure its economic future, it must develop its industry. To this end, new institutional structures were needed to facilitate, develop, and control foreign investment. One of the most important of these was the Economic Development Board (EDB), an arm of government that developed strategies for attracting investment. Thus from the outset, the Singaporean government was involved in city promotion. Towards the end of the twentieth century, the government realised that, due to limits on both the size of the country’s workforce and its land area, its labour-intensive industries were becoming increasingly uncompetitive. So an economic committee was established which concluded that Singapore should focus on developing as a service centre, and seek to attract company headquarters to serve South East Asia, and develop tourism, banking, and offshore activities. The land required for this service sector orientation had been acquired in the early 1970s, when the government realised that it lacked the banking infrastructure for a modern economy. So a new banking and corporate district, known as the ’Golden Shoe’, was planned, incorporating the historic commercial area. This district now houses all the major companies and various government financial agencies. Singapore’s current economic strategy is closely linked to land use and development planning. Although it is already a major city, the current development plan seeks to ensure Singapore’s continued economic growth through restructuring, to ensure that the facilities needed by future business are planned now. These include transport and telecommunication infrastructure, land, and environmental quality. A major concern is to avoid congestion in the central area, and so the latest plan deviates from previous plans by having a strong decentralisation policy. The plan makes provision for four major regional centres, each serving 800,000 people, but this does not mean that the existing central business district will not also grow. A major extension planned around Marina Bay draws on examples of other ’world cities’, especially those with waterside central areas such as Sydney and San Francisco. The project involves major land reclamation of 667 hectares in total. Part of this has already been developed as a conference and exhibition zone, and the rest will be used for other facilities. However the need for vitality has been recognised and a mixed zoning approach has been adopted, to include housing and entertainment. One of the new features of the current plan is a broader conception of what contributes to economic success. It encompasses high quality residential provision, a good environment, leisure facilities and exciting city life. Thus there is more provision for low-density housing, often in waterfront communities linked to beaches and recreational facilities. However, the lower housing densities will put considerable pressure on the very limited land available for development, and this creates problems for another of the plan’s aims, which is to stress environmental quality. More and more of the remaining open area will be developed, and the only natural landscape surviving will be a small zone in the centre of the island which serves as a water catchment area. Environmental policy is therefore very much concerned with making the built environment more green by introducing more plants — what is referred to as the ’beautification’ of Singapore. The plan focuses on green zones defining the boundaries of settlements, and running along transport corridors. The incidental green provision within housing areas is also given considerable attention. Much of the environmental provision, for example golf courses, recreation areas, and beaches, is linked to the prime objective of attracting business. The plan places much emphasis on good leisure provision and the need to exploit Singapore’s island setting. One way of doing this is through further land reclamation, to create a whole new island devoted to leisure and luxury housing which will stretch from the central area to the airport. A current concern also appears to be how to use the planning system to create opportunities for greater spontaneity: planners have recently given much attention to the concept of the 24-hour city and the cafe society. For example, a promotion has taken place along the Singapore river to create a cafe zone. This has included the realisation, rather late in the day, of the value of retaining older buildings, and the creation of a continuous riverside promenade. Since the relaxation in 1996 of strict guidelines on outdoor eating areas, this has become an extremely popular area in the evenings. Also, in 1998 the Urban Redevelopment Authority created a new entertainment area in the centre of the city which they are promoting as ’the city’s one-stop, dynamic entertainment scene’. In conclusion, the economic development of Singapore has been very consciously centrally planned, and the latest strategy is very clearly oriented to establishing Singapore as a leading ’world city’. It is well placed to succeed, for a variety of reasons. It can draw upon its historic roots as a world trading centre; it has invested heavily in telecommunications and air transport infrastructure; it is well located in relation to other Asian economies; it has developed a safe and clean environment; and it has utilised the international language of English. Questions 14-19 Complete the summary using the list of words, A-Q, below. Write the correct letter, A-Q, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. Singapore When Singapore became an independent, self-sufficient state it decided to build up its【R14】______, and government organisations were created to support this policy. However, this initial plan met with limited success due to a shortage of【R15】______ and land. It was therefore decided to develop the【R16】______ sector of the economy instead. Singapore is now a leading city, but planners are working to ensure that its economy continues to grow. In contrast to previous policies, there is emphasis on【R17】______. In addition, land will be recovered to extend the financial district, and provide 【R18】______ as well as housing. The government also plans to improve the quality of Singapore’s environment, but due to the shortage of natural landscapes it will concentrate instead on what it calls 【R19】______ A decentralisation B labour C loans D industry E hygiene F recycling G hospitals H agriculture I transport J deregulation K infrastructure L beautification M trade N fuel O tourism P entertainment Q service

Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below. Write the correct number i-x, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet. TRY IT AND SEE In the social sciences, it is often supposed that there can be no such thing as a controlled experiment. Think again. A In the scientific pecking order, social scientists are usually looked down on by their peers in the natural sciences. Natural scientists do experiments to test their theories or, if they cannot, they try to look for natural phenomena that can act in lieu of experiments. Social scientists, it is widely thought, do not subject their own hypotheses to any such rigorous treatment. Worse, they peddle their untested hypotheses to governments and try to get them turned into policies. B Governments require sellers of new medicines to demonstrate their safety and effectiveness. The accepted gold standard of evidence is a randomised control trial, in which a new drug is compared with the best existing therapy (or with a placebo, if no treatment is available). Patients are assigned to one ami or the other of such a study at random, ensuring that the only difference between the two groups is the new treatment The best studies also ensure that neither patient nor physician knows which patient is allocated to which therapy. Drug trials must also include enough patients to make it unlikely that chance alone may determine the result. C But few education programmes or social initiatives are evaluated in carefully conducted studies prior to their introduction. A case in point is the ’whole-language’ approach to reading, which swept much of the English-speaking world in the 1970s and 1980s. The whole-language theory holds that children learn to read best by absorbing contextual clues from texts, not by breaking individual words into their component parts and reassembling them (a method known as phonics). Unfortunately, the educational theorists who pushed the whole-language notion so successfully did not wait for evidence from controlled randomised trials before advancing their claims. Had they done so, they might have concluded, as did an analysis of 52 randomised studies carried out by the US National Reading Panel in 2000, that effective reading instruction requires phonics. D To avoid the widespread adoption of misguided ideas, the sensible thing is to experiment first and make policy later. This is the idea behind a trial of restorative justice which is taking place in the English courts. The experiment will include criminals who plead guilty to robbery. Those who agree to participate will be assigned randomly either to sentencing as normal or to participation in a conference in which the offender comes face-to-face with his victim and discusses how he may make emotional and material restitution. The purpose of the trial is to assess whether such restorative justice limits reoffending. If it does, it might be adopted more widely. E The idea of experimental evidence is not quite as new to the social sciences as sneering natural scientists might believe. In fact, randomised trials and systematic reviews of evidence were introduced into the social sciences long before they became common in medicine. An apparent example of random allocation is a study carried out in 1927 of how to persuade people to vote in elections. And randomised trials in social work were begun in the 1930s and 1940s. But enthusiasm later waned. This loss of interest can be attributed, at least in part, to the fact that early experiments produced little evidence of positive outcomes. Others suggest that much of the opposition to experimental evaluation stems from a common philosophical malaise among social scientists, who doubt the validity of the natural sciences, and therefore reject the potential of knowledge derived from controlled experiments. A more pragmatic factor limiting the growth of evidence-based education and social services may be limitations on the funds available for research. F Nevertheless, some 11,000 experimental studies are known in the social sciences (compared with over 250,000 in the medical literature). Randomised trials have been used to evaluate the effectiveness of driver-education programmes, job-training schemes, classroom size, psychological counselling for posttraumatic stress disorder and increased investment in public housing. And where they are carried out, they seem to have a healthy dampening effect on otherwise rosy interpretations of the observations. G The problem for policymakers is often not too few data, but what to make of multiple and conflicting studies. This is where a body called the Campbell Collaboration comes into its own. This independent non-profit organisation is designed to evaluate existing studies, in a process known as a systematic review. This means attempting to identify every relevant trial of a given question (including studies that have never been published), choosing the best ones using clearly defined criteria for quality, and combining the results in a statistically valid way. An equivalent body, the Cochrane Collaboration, has produced more than 1,004 such reviews in medical fields. The hope is that rigorous review standards will allow Campbell, like Cochrane, to become a trusted and authoritative source of information. List of Headings i Why some early social science methods lost popularity ii The cost implications of research iii Looking ahead to an unbiased assessment of research iv A range of social issues that have been usefully studied v An example of a poor decision that was made too quickly vi What happens when the figures are wrong vii One area of research that is rigorously carried out viii The changing nature of medical trials ix An investigative study that may lead to a new system x Why some scientists’ theories are considered second-rate Example Answer Paragraph A x

Classify the following characteristics as relating to A Social Science B Medical Science C Both Social Science and Medical Science D Neither Social Science nor Medical Science Write the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Affordable Art Art prices have fallen drastically. The art market is being flooded with good material, much of it from big-name artists, including Pablo Picasso and Andy Warhol. Many pieces sell for less than you might expect, with items that would have made ￡20,000 two years ago fetching only ￡5,000 to ￡10,000 this autumn, according to Philip Hoffman, chief executive of the Fine Art Fund. Here, we round up what is looking cheap now, with a focus on works in the range of ￡500 to ￡10,000. Picasso is one of the most iconic names in art, yet some of his ceramics and lithographs fetched less than ￡1,000 each at Bonhams on Thursday. The low prices are because he produced so many of them. However, their value has increased steadily and his works will only become scarcer as examples are lost. Nic McElhatton, the chairman of Christie’s South Kensington, says that the biggest ’affordable’ category for top artists is ’multiples’ — prints such as screen prints or lithographs in limited editions. In a Christie’s sale this month, examples by Picasso, Matisse, Mir6 and Steinlen sold for less than ￡5,000 each. Alexandra Gill, the head of prints at the auction house, says that some prints are heavily hand-worked, or often coloured, by the artist, making them personalised. ’Howard Hodgkin’s are a good example,’ she says. ’There’s still prejudice against prints, but for the artist it was another, equal, medium.’ Mr Hoffman believes that these types of works are currently about as ’cheap as they can get’ and will hold their value in the long run — though he admits that their sheer number means prices are unlikely to rise any time soon. It can be smarter to buy really good one-offs from lesser-known artists, he adds. A limited budget will not run to the blockbuster names you can obtain with multiples, but it will buy you work by Royal Academicians (RAs) and others whose pieces are held in national collections and who are given long write-ups in the art history books. For example, the Christie’s sale of art from the Lehman Brothers collection on Wednesday will include Valley with cornflowers in oil by Anthony Gross (22 of whose works are held by the Tate), at ￡1,000 to ￡1,500. There is no reserve on items with estimates of ￡1,000 or less, and William Porter, who is in charge of the sale, expects some lots to go for ’very little’. The sale also has oils by the popular Mary Fedden (whose works are often reproduced on greetings cards), including Spanish House and The White Hyacinth, at ￡7,000 to ￡10,000 each. Large works by important Victorian painters are available in this sort of price range, too. These are affordable because their style has come to be considered ’uncool’, but they please a large traditionalist following nonetheless. For example, the sale of 19th-century paintings at Bonhams on Wednesday has a Hampstead landscape by Frederick William Watts at ￡6,000 to ￡8,000 and a study of three Spanish girls by John Bagnold Burgess at ￡4,000 to ￡6,000. There are proto-social realist works depicting poverty, too, such as Uncared For by Augustus Edwin Mulready, at ￡10,000 to ￡15,000. Smaller auction houses offer a mix of periods and media. Tuesday’s sale at Chiswick Auctions in West London includes a 1968 screen print of Campbell’s Tomato Soup by Andy Warhol, at ￡6,000 to ￡8,000, and 44 sketches by Augustus John, at ￡200 to ￡800 each. The latter have been restored after the artist tore them up. Meanwhile, the paintings and furniture sale at Duke’s of Dorchester on Thursday has a coloured block print of Acrobats at Play by Marc Chagall, at ￡100 to ￡200, and a lithograph of a mother and child by Henry Moore, at ￡500 to ￡700. A group of five watercolour landscape studies by Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot is up at ￡1,500 to ￡3,000. Affordable works from lesser-known artists and younger markets are less safe, but they have the potential to offer greater rewards if you catch an emerging trend. Speculating on such trends is high-risk, so is worthwhile only if you like what you buy (you get something beautiful to keep, whatever happens), can afford to lose the capital and enjoy the necessary research. A trend could be based on a country or region. China has rocketed, but other Asian and Middle Eastern markets have yet to really emerge. Mr Horwich mentions some 1970s Iraqi paintings that he sold this year in Dubai. ’They are part of a sophisticated scene that remains little-known.’ Mr Hoffman tips Turkey and the Middle East. Meanwhile, the Sotheby’s Impressionist and modern art sale in New York features a 1962 oil painting by the Vietnamese artist Vu Cao Dam, at $8,000 to $12,000 (￡5,088 to ￡7,632). The painting shows two girls boating in traditional ao dai dresses. A further way of making money is to try to spot talent in younger artists. The annual Frieze Art Fair in Regent’s Park provides a chance to buy from 170 contemporary galleries. Or you could gamble on the future fame trajectory of an established artist’s subject. For example, a Gerald Laing screen print of The Kiss (2007) showing Amy Winehouse and her ex-husband is up for ￡4,700 at the Multiplied fair. Questions 1-5 Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. [*]

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet. Fighting Crime Some criminals in England are agreeing to take part in a trial designed to help reduce their chances of 【R33】______.The idea is that while one group of randomly selected criminals undergoes the usual 【R34】______, the other group will discuss the possibility of making some repayment for the crime by meeting the 【R35】______ . It is yet to be seen whether this system, known as 【R36】______ will work.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

After 1965, the Singaporean government switched the focus of the island’s economy.

The creation of Singapore’s financial centre was delayed while a suitable site was found.

Singapore’s four regional centres will eventually be the same size as its central business district.

Planners have modelled new urban developments on other coastal cities.

Plants and trees are amongst the current priorities for Singapore’s city planners.

The government has enacted new laws to protect Singapore’s old buildings.

Singapore will find it difficult to compete with leading cities in other parts of the world.