The universities from which today’s universities are descendents were founded in the Middle Ages. They were established either by corporations of students wanting to learn, as in Italy, or by teachers wanting to teach, as in France. Corporations that had special legal or customary privileges for the purpose of carrying out the intentions of the incorporators were common in those days. The university corporations of the Middle Ages at the height of their power were not responsible to anybody, and could not be punished by any authorities. They claimed, and made good their claim, complete independence of all religious and nonreligious control. The American university was, however, at first a corporation formed by a religious group or by the state for the purposes of the group. The American university in the seventeenth century was much closer to the American university today than to the university in the Middle Ages. The Puritan communities needed ministers and professional men and so they established universities to provide them. Later, religious groups built universities in order to extend their own influence. For example, the University of Chicago was founded by devout (虔诚的) Baptists to combat the rising tide of Methodism in the Middle West and Shakers in the East. The president and the trustees of the University were required to have the proper religious relations in order to keep the University on the right path. Fortunately, the combination of John D, Rockefeller, William Rainey Harper, and the enlightened wing of the Baptist Church preserved the university from too narrow an interpretation of its purpose.

(just) The______ treatment to the blacks in the 1960s led to a series of uprisings in the United States.

(able) Recent innovations with computer aided design______ us to produce magazines which are more creative, efficient and cost-effective.

above all else awake deep suffer from mistake for sit down error drowsy think of while wed She was one of those pretty and charming girls who are sometimes, as if by a 【G1】______ of destiny, born into a family of clerks. She had no dowry, no expectations, no means of being known, understood, loved, or 【G2】______ by any rich and distinguished man; and she let herself be married to a little clerk at the Ministry of Public Instruction. She dressed plainly because she could not dress well, but her unhappiness seemed to be 【G3】______than one might expect. She seemed to feel that she had fallen from her proper station in life as a woman of wealth, beauty, grace, and charm. She valued these 【G4】______ in life, yet she could not attain them. She cared nothing for caste or rank but only for a natural fineness, an instinct 【G5】______ what is elegant, and a suppleness of wit. These would have made her the equal of the greatest ladies of the land. If only she could attain them.. . She suffered, feeling born for all the delicacies and all the luxuries. She 【G6】______ the poverty of her dwelling, from the wretched look of the walls, from the worn-out chairs, from the ugliness of the curtains. All those things, of which another woman of her rank would never even have been conscious, tortured her and made her angry. The sight of the little Breton peasant who did her humble housework aroused in her despairing regrets and distracted dreams. She thought of silent antechambers hung with Oriental tapestry, lit by tall bronze candelabra, and of two great footmen in knee breaches sleeping in big armchairs, made 【G7】______by the heavy warmth of the hot-air stove. She thought of long salons fitted up with ancient silk, of delicate furniture carrying priceless curiosities, and of coquettish perfumed boudoirs made for talks at five o’clock with intimate friends, with men famous and sought after, whom all women envy and whose attention they all desire. When she 【G8】______to dinner before the round table covered with a tablecloth three days old, opposite her husband, who declared with an enchanted air,“Ah, the good pot-au-feut I don’t know anything better than that,“she 【G9】______best dinners, of shining silverware, of tapestry which peopled the walls with ancient personages with strange birds flying in the midst of a fairy forest; and she thought of delicious dishes served on marvelous plates, and of the whispered gallantries which you listened to with a sphinx-like smile 【G10】______ you were eating the pink flesh of a trout or the wings of a quail. (From The Necklace)

According to the author, why is it that getting tough with criminals cannot reduce crime rates?

Seventeenth-century houses in colonial North America were simple structures that were primarily functional, carrying over traditional designs that went back to the Middle Ages. During the first half of the eighteenth century, however, houses began to show a new elegance. As wealth increased, more and more colonists built fine houses. Since architecture was not yet a specialized profession in the colonies, the design of buildings was left to carpenters who undertook to interpret architectural manuals imported from England. There are an astonishing number of these handbooks for builders in colonial libraries, and the houses erected during the eighteenth century show their influence. Most domestic architecture of the first three-quarters of the eighteenth century displayed a wide range of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these books. Increasing wealth throughout the colonies resulted in houses of improved design, whether the material was wood, stone or brick. New England still favored wood, though brick houses became common in Boston and other towns, where the danger of fire forced people to use more durable material. A few houses in New England were built of stone, but only in Pennsylvania and its neighboring areas was stone widely used in dwellings. An increased use of bricks is noticeable in Virginia and Maryland, but wood remained the most popular material even in houses built by wealthy landowners. In the Carolinas, even in the crowded town of Charleston, wooden houses were much more common than brick houses. Eighteenth-century houses showed great interior improvements over their predecessors. Windows were made larger and shutters removed. Large, clear panes replaced the gray glass of the seventeenth century. Doorways were larger and more decorative. Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms. Walls were sometimes elaborately decorated. White paint began to take the place of blue, yellow, green and gray colors, which had been popular for walls in the earlier years. After about 1730, advertisements for wallpaper styles in scenic patterns began to appear in colonial newspapers.

A head track coach, Bill Bowerman, designed a pair of lighter shoes with better support and greater strength and sent the design to leading sporting-goods companies. They all turned him down. The rejections brought Bowerman face to face with his own philosophy of“competitive response. “He had taught his sportsmen to value competition not so much for its prizes as for its intellectual and spiritual satisfaction. This was true of his determination to make the shoes himself. He made his first pair of track shoes light and graceful. His runners won in his hand-made shoes. But who would like to manufacture such shoes? In 1962, Knight, one of Bowerman’s sportsmen, offered to travel to Japan and called on one of Japan’s best manufacturers of sports shoes. The manufacturer promised to produce shoes of his design and Knight’s company would be their only distributor in the U. S. A year later, a shipment of 200 Bowerman shoes arrived in Oregon. At first, Knight and Bowerman worked with a small team and went selling out of cars at track meets. But slowly, the running world got to know the secret of their product. Then in 1972, the Japanese company cut off all supplies to their company and established a separate distribution network in the U. S. In 30 days Knight succeeded in finding a new manufacturer. And today the company takes the largest share in the shoe business. You ask me the brand name of the shoes? It’s Nike, named after the Greek Goddess of Victory. Bowerman, Knight and the Nike team have a firm belief that a shared responsibility requires outstanding individual performance and a willingness to contribute that performance to the group.

Cliff House has gone through five major constructions and reconstructions since its beginning in 1858. That year, Samuel Bran-nan, a prosperous man from Maine, bought for $ 1,500 the lumber from a ship that wrecked on the cliffs below. With this material he built the first Cliff House. The second Cliff House was built for Captain Junius G. Foster, but as it was a long difficult trip from the city, the house hosted mostly horseback riders, small game hunters or picnickers on day outings. With the opening of a toll road a year later, the Cliff House became successful with the Carriage trade for Sunday travel. On weekends, there was little room at the Cliff House for horses and carriages. Soon, omnibus railways and streetcar lines made it to near Lone Mountain where passengers transferred to stagecoach lines to the beach. The growth of Golden Gate Park attracted beach travelers in search of meals and a look at the Sea Lions sunning themselves on Seal Rock, just off the cliffs to visit the area. In 1877, the toll road, now Geary Boulevard, was purchased by the City of San Francisco for around $25,000. In 1883, after a few years of downturn, the Cliff House was bought by Adolph Sutro, a multimillionaire who made his fortune from mining. After a few years of quiet management by J. M. Wilkens, the Cliff House was severely damaged by an explosion of the ship, which destroyed the northern part of the house. Seven years later, on Christmas 1894 the repaired old building burned down. In 1896, Adolph Sutro built a new Cliff House, a seven-story Victorian style castle, called by some“the Gingerbread Palace. “In the same year, work began on the famous Sutro Baths, which included six of the largest indoor swimming pools north of the restaurant that included a museum, a skating rink and other pleasure grounds. Great throngs of San Franciscans arrived on steam trains, bicycles, carts and horse wagons on Sunday excursions. The Cliff House and Sutro Baths survived the 1906 earthquake with little damage but burned to the ground on the evening of September 7, 1907. Rebuilding of the restaurant was completed within two years and, with additions and modern restorations, is the one seen today. The building was acquired by the National Park Service in 1977 and it became part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. The site overlooks the Seal Rock and the former site of the Sutro Baths, More than thirty ships have been pounded to pieces on the southern shore of the Golden Gate below Cliff House.

(adequate) Normally, three staff members are enough to handle new business, but obviously are______ now.

(employ) An application form calls for details of residence, ______, social security, and family matters.

(attract) In modern families, kitchen utensils are expected to be______ as well as functional.

(minor) In America each house of Congress has two party committees, one set up by the majority party and the other by the party.

What reasons does the writer give to support his argument against keeping criminals longer in prison?

(63) Enthusiasm about a job or project usually translates into positive energy. That is, if you are-excited about a project, you will be anxious to get started and get results. (64) The mere fact of looking forward to your work will help make you more productive and effective. (65) You will plan more effectively and pay careful attention to detail. You will carry out your plan more carefully and aim for the best results possible. Another important point is that passionate people are usually those that are thrust into positions of leadership. A leader must inspire his troops. To inspire them, he needs to be enthusiastic. In leaders, this translates into charisma (个人魅力). (66) Being passionate about your work shows a willingness to do more and learn more. (67) This will definitely help you stand out from the crowd and get top management’s attention. (From Enthusiasm Leads to Success)

If you are looking for an explanation of why we don’t get tough with criminals, you need only look at the numbers. Each year almost a third of the households in America are victims of violence or theft. This amounts to more than 41 million crimes, many more than we are able to punish. There are also too many criminals. We don’t have room for any more’ The painful fact is that the more crime there is, the less we are able to punish it. We think that punishment prevents crime, but it just might be the other way around. When there is so much crime it is simply impossible to deal with it or punish it. This is the situation we find ourselves in today: the gradual increase in the criminal population has made it more difficult to get into prison. Some of the most exclusive prisons now require about five serious crimes before a criminal is accepted. These features show that it makes little sense to blame the police or judges for being soft on criminals. There is not much else they can do. The police can’t find most criminals and those they do find are difficult and costly to convict. Those convicted can’t all be sent to prison. The public demands that we do everything we can against crime. The practical reality is that there is very little the police, courts or prisons can do about the crime problem. We could, of course, get tough with the people we already have in prison and keep them locked up for longer periods of time. Yet when measured against the lower crime rates, this would probably produce, longer prison sentences are not worth the cost to states and local governments. Besides, those states that have tried to gain voters’ approval for building new prisons often discover that the public is unwilling to pay for prison constructions. And if it were willing to pay, long prison sentences may not be effective in reducing crime. More time spent in prison is also more expensive. The best estimates are that it costs an average of $ 13,000 to keep a person in prison for one year. If we had a place to keep the 124,000 released prisoners, it would have cost us $ 1. 6 billion to prevent 15,000 crimes. This works out to more than $ 100,000 per crime prevented. But there is more. With the average cost of prison construction running around $ 50,000 per bed, it would cost more than $ 6 billion to build the necessary cells. The first-year operating cost would be $150,000 per crime prevented, worth it if the victim were you or me, but much too expensive to be feasible as a national policy. Faced with the reality of the numbers, I will not be so foolish as to suggest a solution to the crime problem. My contribution to the public debate begins and ends with this simple observation; getting tough with criminals is not the answer.

Joyce Carol Oates published her first collection of short stories, By the North Gate, in 1963, two years after she had received her master’s degree from the University of Wisconsin and became an instructor of English at the University of Detroit. Her productivity since then has been tremendous, accumulating in less than two decades up to nearly thirty titles, including novels, collections of short stories and verse, plays, and literary criticism. In the meantime, she has continued to teach, moving in 1967 from the University of Detroit to the University of Windsor in Ontario, and in 1978, to Princeton University. Reviewers have admired her enormous energy, but they also find such a large body of writing very amazing. In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth, Donald Barthelme, and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence on depicting the world as it is. Hers is a world of violence, insanity, fractured love, and hopeless loneliness. Although some of it appears to come from her personal observations, her dreams and her fears, much more is clearly from the experiences of others. Her first novel, With Shuddering Fall (1964) , dealt with stock ear racing, though she had never seen a race. In Them (1964) she focused on Detroit from the Depression through the riots of 1967, drawing much of her material from the deep impression made on her by the problems of one of her students. Whatever the source is and however shocking the events or the motivations are, her fictional world nonetheless remains strikingly related to that real one reflected in the daily newspapers, the television news, talk shows and the popular magazines of our day.

I am speaking not as a Briton, not as a European, not as a member of a western democracy, 【C1】______ . The world is full of conflicts: Jews and Arabs; Indians and Pakistanis, white men and Negroes in Africa; and, overshadowing all minor conflicts, the titanic struggle between communism and anticommunism. Almost everybody who is politically conscious has strong feelings about one or more of these issues; but I want you, if you can, to set aside such feelings for the moment and consider yourself only as a member of a biological species 【C2】______ . I shall try to say no single word which should appeal to one group rather than to another. All, equally, are in peril, and, if the peril is understood, there is hope that they may collectively avert it. We have to learn to think in a new way. 【C3】______ , for there no longer are such steps. The question we have to ask ourselves is: 【C4】______ ? The general public, and even many men in positions of authority, have not realized what would be involved in a war with hydrogen bombs. The general public still thinks in terms of the obliteration (灭迹，消灭) of cities. It is understood that the new bombs are more powerful than the old and that, while one atomic bomb could obliterate Hiroshima, 【C5】______ . No doubt in a hydrogen-bomb war great cities would be obliterated. But this is one of the minor disasters that would have to be faced. If everybody in London, New York, and Moscow were exterminated, the world might, in the course of a few centuries, recover from the blow. But we now know, especially since the Bikini test, that hydrogen bombs can gradually spread destruction over a much wider area than had been supposed. It is stated on very good authority that a bomb can now be manufactured 【C6】______ . Such a bomb, if exploded near the ground or under water, sends radioactive particles into the upper air. They sink gradually and reach the surface of the earth in the form of a deadly dust or rain. It was this dust which infected the Japanese fishermen and their catch of fish although they were outside what American experts believed to be the danger zone. No one knows how widely such lethal (杀伤性的) radioactive particles might be diffused, but the best authorities are unanimous in 【C7】______ . It is feared that if many hydrogen bombs are used, there might be universal death. Here, then, is the problem which I present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: 【C8】______? People will not face this alternative because it is so difficult to abolish war. 【C9】______ . But what perhaps impedes understanding of the situation more than anything else is that the term “mankind“feels vague and abstract. People scarcely realize in imagination that the danger is to themselves and their children and their grandchildren, and not only to a dimly apprehended humanity. And so they hope that perhaps war may be allowed to continue provided modern weapons are prohibited. I am afraid this hope is illusory. Whatever agreements not to use hydrogen bombs had been reached in time of peace, they would no longer be considered binding in time of war, and both sides would set to work to manufacture hydrogen bombs 【C10】______, for if one side manu-factured the bombs and the other did not, the side that manufactured them would inevitably be victorious. (From Shall We Choose Death?) A. saying that a war with hydrogen bombs is quite likely to put an end to the human race B. which will be 25,000 times as powerful as that which destroyed Hiroshima C. What steps can be taken to prevent a military contest of which the issue must be disastrous to all sides D. The abolition of war will demand distasteful limitations of national sovereignty E. Shall we choose death because we cannot forget our quarrels F. Shall we put an end to the human race or shall mankind renounce war G. as soon as war broke out H. but as a human being, a member of the species Man, whose continued existence is in doubt I. one hydrogen bomb could obliterate the largest cities such as London, New York, and Moscow J. which has had a remarkable history and whose disappearance none of us can desire K. We have to learn to ask ourselves not what steps can be taken to give military victory to whatever group we prefer

(short) The new procedure could______ hospital stays by two to three days.

(present) The______ of the TV camera crew outside clearly shows that the press must have been informed in advance.

(various) The newly enrolled servicemen are from a______of backgrounds as required by the general.

French universities in the Middle Ages were founded by ______. ( )

Puritans set up universities primarily for the purpose of ______. ( )

The University of Chicago was established by______. ( )

The writer mentions John D.Rockefeller and William Rainey Harper to show that ______. ( )

Early universities in the U. S. were founded mostly for ______. ( )