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There is a lot of debate over the best way / to measure the economic costs of smoking./ Every study is based on different assumptions and uses different methods./ For example, should you measure the cost of smoking / by looking at the cost of treating major illnesses like lung cancer? / Or should you measure the cost of less serious illnesses? / Anyway, regardless of how you calculate them, / the economic costs of smoking are insignificant/ when compared with the real price of smoking: / the misery caused by the death of over 400,000 people each year.
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Surviving in the Jungle
1. Right equipment
- 【T1】______ clothing 【T1】______
- The only defence against 【T2】______【T2】______
- The legs of the long trousers put into 【T3】______【T3】______
- A 【T4】______【T4】______
- An instrument to find the direction
- A 【T5】______【T5】______
- An instrument to protect your head
2. A 【T6】______pace 【T6】______
- 【T7】______, and rest often 【T7】______
- Follow 【T8】______in the general direction 【T8】______
3. Safe water and food
- Water:
- Streams near native villages: 【T9】______to drink 【T9】______
- Water given by many plants and vines: pure to drink
- Food:
- Fruits and nuts the birds and monkeys choose: safe to eat
- Meat of many kinds of 【T10】______: safe to eat 【T10】______Surviving in the Jungle
Good evening, today’s talk will focus on how to survive in the jungle. Jungle country is not friendly to man, but it is possible to survive there. You must have the right equipment and you must know some important knowledge about the jungle. Then your chances of staying alive are very good.
No one should go into the jungle without the right equipment. You need lightweight clothing, a good knife and a compass. Fishhooks and a line, a rifle and ammunition, and matches in a waterproof container are necessary too. So is a mosquito net to protect the head.
In the jungle you can get hopelessly lost within five minutes after leaving a known landmark. That is why you should always carry a compass. In open country, during the day, you can tell which way to go by studying the sun. At night the stars are sure guides to direction. But in most places the jungle rooftop is so thick that it is impossible to see the sun or the stars. Again and again you must check your position by the compass.
Avoid haste, and rest often. In a place that is hot and damp, the person who sets a fast pace will soon become tired. A steady, even pace is wiser in the long run. Whenever possible, it is wise to follow streams and rivers that are going in your general direction. This may cause you many extra miles of travel. But in the end it will save time and energy.
Mosquitoes will be with you all the time. The only defence against them is to wear the right kind of clothing. You should never wear shots in the jungle. Your trousers must be lightweight and long. The legs of the trousers should be put into your boot tops.
Finding water that is safe to drink can be a problem. Many streams and rivers carry germs that can be deadly to man. Streams found near native villages are always dangerous, even if they are clear and fresh-looking. Such water must always be boiled before you drink it. Luckily, the jungles have many kinds of plants and vines that give water. Water from almost all plants is pure enough to drink. But stay away from vines that have bitter or milky juice.
Many jungle plants also provide food. Before you go into the jungle, learn to recognize the varieties of plants that can be eaten. If you haven’t had a chance to do this, watch that kinds of fruits and nuts the birds and monkeys choose. Such food is almost safe for a man to eat. When you are seeking meat, rivers and streams are the best places to hunt. You do not need to be familiar with the many different kinds of birds and animals. You can eat any of them.
Surviving in the jungle is a science. The jungle peoples have become perfect in this science, and you too. Learn as much as you can about what to expect in the jungle. Make sure you have the right equipment. Then no part of the jungle will seem completely unfriendly or frightening. In fact, you will be able to “live off“ it for a long time.
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W: Hello Jerry. You look sleepy!
M: Yes, I stayed up late last night. 1 had an exam this morning.
W: But research has shown that not getting enough sleep can have a negative effect on our ability to learn.
M: Really?
W: Yes. Researchers from Boston College in the USA have found the lack of sleep is a significant factor in lowering the achievement of school pupils. The findings could be relevant to any of us who are trying to learn something.
M: You’re right.
W: And the most interesting fact is that it is more of a problem in wealthier countries such as the United States, England, France and Saudi Arabia.
M: You’re talking about computers and TVs in their bedrooms and using smartphones?
W: Yes, they’re tempted by all this technology instead of just getting their heads down and having a good night’s sleep. The survey found 80% of 13- and 14-year-olds in the US were identified by their teachers as being affected by the lack of sleep. The international average was 57%.
M: That’s a serious problem.
W: William Myers, Principal at South River High School says this is a challenge for teachers because if teachers don’t make their classes more engaging, they would see a decline in their performance. They would see students who were sleepy, maybe heads down at the end of the day. So they have to put a lot of work into keeping students alert and excited about school.
M: That’s quite a challenge then!
W: Yes, this research looked at the link between the amount students sleep and their test results. Not surprisingly it found children with more sleep achieve higher test results in maths, science and reading. There is a lesson there for all of us — I think I’ll just shut my eyes, and have 40 winks.
M: You mean a short, light sleep?
W: Yes. Scientists believe the lack of sleep causes your brain to run on empty. It struggles to absorb and retain ideas.
M: I feel like that now.
W: Besides, doctors find the lack of sleep can also lead to health problems such as obesity — that’s when someone is dangerously overweight — and to mood swings — that’s changes in how someone feels or behaves. So, what is the solution to all of this?
M: Well, the school day in some countries starts later, allowing teenagers a bit of a lie in. And others have a break in the afternoon — like a siesta. But the real solution is for students to go to bed earlier.
W: This research has also highlighted another problem. Because teachers are simplifying their lessons to take account of the students who are sleepy, there’s concern that pupils who are getting enough sleep are losing out in these adjusted lessons. So everyone suffers.
This is the end of Conversation One. Questions 1 to 5 are based on Conversation One.
1. What is the relationship between sleeping and learning?
2. Why do students from wealthy countries sleep less?
3. Among 13- and 14-year olds throughout the world, how many lack sleep?
4. According to William, why is it a challenge for teachers?
5. What is the real solution to allowing students to sleep more? The more you sleep, the better you learn. The less you sleep, the better you learn. Not getting enough sleep has a negative effect on learning. Sleeping too much has a negative effect on learning.
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M: Now are the some of the richest kids in the world and the money they’re making. The current issue of People magazine features some very famous faces who are under 15, and cashed in on concert tours, movies, TV shows and more. Julie Dane is People’s senior editor. Julie, good morning!
W: Good morning.
M: So, when you looked at some of these kids, were you amazed at the money they’re making?
W: Yeah, I mean it’s nothing like when I was a kid, that’s for sure.
M: That’s right. Well, let’s get started with Miley Cyrus. I mean this girl is a machine.
W: She is in the industry and to herself. And she only has the biggest kids show on cable: she has this huge concert tour: she was taking home a million dollars a week. She just signed a 7-figure book deal and this year her merchandise sales for Hannah Montana are expected to hit a billion dollars.
M: A billion?
W: A billion with a “B“!
M: And she gets a percentage of that, right?
W: She does. She gets a percentage of it. I mean she’s really raking in it, but she does have her, you know, had on her shoulders and her mum says that most of the money is going into an investment fund that she won’t touch it until she’s 18.
M: Wow... and where is all that besides all that money, I mean, does she seem like she’s handling this stuff OK?
W: Er, she seems like an incredibly mature, grounded girl which is great to see.
M: Another one of her Disney stable mates, this is such a hot band, the Jones Brothers. I mean, the Disney basically resurrected them and now they’re just pulling in the dough.
W: They’re huge. They just signed a multimillion-dollar two-year-concert deal. They’re taking in a 12 million on this concert tour among the three of them. And, you know, they’re also super grounded and they have a good family around them. They give 10% to charity. So it’s a good story.
M: And then what cash do they have? What do they like?
W: They do spend money. They give their mum a really nice diamond watch, they buy new computers, and Nick, the youngest, he’s 15, has just shot up 1,500 dollars for a pair of shoes.
M: Yeah, let’s gonna say that they’re all kind of clothes horse.
W: Yeah, they’re definitely natty dressers.
M: Yeah, and when you look at all these young actors, what’s the common theme you see amongst them, the actors in these country-goers?
W: Well, these really successful ones, like Miley and Jones Brothers have really good families around them and they’re clearly not in this on their own. They have families to help them along and they seem to be totally normal kids.
M: Great, well, Julie Dane, thank you so much.
W: Thanks for having me.
This is the end of Conversation Two. Questions 6 to 10 are based on Conversation Two.
6. What is this interview mainly about?
7. What has Miley Cyrus done?
8. How did Miley handle the money she has made?
9. How much did Jones Brothers give to charity?
10. What do these kids have in common? Movie stars who are very famous. Young movie stars who have just entered the circle. Young superstars who have made a lot of money. The life of famous people.
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“Miles shook the wine out of Gavin’s hand, then clapped him on the back, which Gavin resented.“ The non-restrictive relative clause in the sentence means______. and Gavin resented what Miles did but Gavin resented Miles and Gavin resented his back but Gavin resented the wine
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“He was, Samantha thought, being deliberately obtuse, no doubt in retaliation for her refusal to go to the party.“ The past progressive aspect “was being“ is used in the sentence to show______in the past. a possible condition of behavior a transitory condition of behavior a habitual condition of behavior a necessary condition of behavior
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Among the sentences below, the sentence______refers to a habitual action, conveying an emotional coloring. He always talks about the good old days. He’s been talking about the good old days ever since. He’s forever talking about the good old days. He often talked about the good old days.
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______in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $ 21,000. Judged the best Judging the best To be judged the best Having judged the best
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He must have had an accident, or he_____now. would have been here had to be here should be here would be here
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Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers______overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women. that what which whose
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I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave,_____something occurred which attracted my attention. unless until when while
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______the Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers detected the two small, faint moons orbiting Pluto in the Kupier Belt. To use Using Having used Use
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John D. Rockefeller,______, owned 90 percent of all American oil refineries. as still a young man while still a young man a young man however in spite of a young man
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No longer are contributions to computer technology confined to any one country:_____is this more true than in Europe. hardly little seldom nowhere
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There are still many problems ahead of us, but fortunately we can see the light at the end of the______ by the terrific feedback I got from the market this time. campaign day tunnel road
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There are occasions when giving a gift______spoken communication, since the message it offers can cut through barriers of language and cultural diversity. overtakes nourishes surpasses enforces
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Tom gave me a new knife as______for the one he lost. substitute compensation reward pension
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Some educators try to put students of similar abilities into the same class because they believe this kind of______grouping is advisable. homogeneous instantaneous spontaneous anonymous
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His visit to the theater was______because a lady sitting right in front of him was wearing a huge hat which blocked his view of the stage. impaired spoiled distracted offended
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Over the past ten years, natural gas production has remained steady, but______has risen steadily. consumption dissipation disposal expenditure
