专业英语四级模拟试卷688

The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. / Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, / it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat./ A research in 2010 has shown that / perhaps 80% of all human illnesses are related to diet / and 40% of cancer is related to diet as well, / especially cancer of the stomach and bowel. / Different cultures are more likely to develop certain illnesses / because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. / That food is related to illness is not a new discovery./

Web Chat 1. Participants in chat sessions - In the past: 【T1】______to America Online 【T1】______ - Now: hundreds of websites provide web chat 2. Definition of the web chat - The word “chat“ is misleading - “Chat“ means typing and reading 【T2】______【T2】______ 3. Ways to enter a web chat room - Choose to 【T3】______only 【T3】______ - Join in by posting your own messages 4. Content of chat sessions - Focus on specific topics - Lead to stimulating exchanges - Be considered 【T4】______【T4】______ 5. Procedure of preparation for a web chat - Locate a 【T5】______that interests you 【T5】______ - Register: use your real name or make up a name - Be aware: some personalities are 【T6】______【T6】______ - Take a few minutes to get the 【T7】______of the exchange 【T7】______ 6. Tips for the web chat - Use 【T8】______and abbreviations to minimize typing 【T8】______ - Have 【T9】______conversations 【T9】______ - Be 【T10】______and use common sense 【T10】______Web Chat Good morning, everyone. Today, we are going to talk about a new way of communication online. First of all, for many years, subscribers to America Online and other commercial online services were able to participate in chat sessions. Now it’s possible to join chats offered by hundreds of websites as well. Actually, the word “chat“ may be somewhat misleading, because you are not really talking to anyone, just typing and reading text messages that participants write. Once you enter a chat room, which is really just a web page that runs special software, you can choose to just read the exchanges, but not to participate in the chat, by making your image invisible to others online, or you can join in by posting your own messages. Many chat rooms focus the conversation on specific topics, such as health, politics, football and so on. That way, people with similar interests can find one another. Sometimes chat sessions can lead to truly stimulating exchanges, but they are just as likely to be a waste of time. Now, we will discuss the procedure of preparation for a web chat. The first step is to locate a chat room that interests you. Once you are on the website, you will usually be asked to register. You are free to use your real name, but many people make up a name. Therein lies some of the fun, but be aware that other people may be living out their fantasies online as well. Wild Bill might be a teenage girl. You should also know mat if you don’t sign-in with a name, you may be assigned the default name anonymous. After you have chosen and entered a chat room, you will probably find yourself in the middle of a conversation. Take a few minutes to get the gist of the exchange. There’s no harm in lurking for a while before you join in. Once you feel confident enough to participate in the discussion, just type your message in the blank box. The same rules of behavior apply in chat rooms as they do to other online communications, so be sure to avoid offending anyone. To minimize the amount of typing, people often use emoticons and abbreviations. If you want, you can make a general posting to everyone in the chat room, expounding your views. But just like in the real world, you can also address your comments to a specific person. Although everyone can read your message, it’s clear that it’s intended for a particular individual. Some chat rooms let you have private conversations by clicking on the name of a participant. While web chats can offer an engaging experience and proceed with caution. Use common sense. Remember that all your postings are public. OK, in a nutshell, today, we talked about what is web chat and how to start web chat online. I hope after today’s talk, you will have a complete picture of web chat and maybe give it a try in the days to come.

W: Hello, Tom. M: Hello. Feeling bright today, Cathy? W: I am feeling quite bright and clever, yes! M: That’s good to hear, because we’re talking about intelligence today, or to be more accurate, Artificial Intelligence. Cathy, you know who Professor Stephen Hawking is, right? W: Well, of course! Yes. Many people say that he’s a genius, very, very intelligent. Professor Hawking is one of the most famous scientists in the world and people remember him for his brilliance and also because he communicates using a synthetic voice generated by a computer. M: Synthetic? W: Yes, synthetic means it’s made from something non-natural. Artificial is similar in meaning—we use it when something is man-made to look or behave like something natural. M: Well, Professor Hawking has said recently that efforts to create thinking machines are a threat to our existence. Can you imagine that?! W: Well, there’s no denying that good things can come from the creation of Artificial Intelligence. Computers which can think for themselves might be able to find solutions to problems we haven’t been able to solve. But technology is developing quickly and maybe we should consider the consequences. Some of these very clever robots are already surpassing us. M: Yes. Maybe you can remember the headlines when a supercomputer defeated the World Chess Champion to everybody’s astonishment. What was the computer called? Was it Red Menace? W: No, it’s Deep Blue. The 1997 match was actually the second one between Kasparov and Deep Blue, a supercomputer designed by the company IBM and it was specialized in chess-playing. M: Well, I think I might challenge Deep Blue to a game. I’m a bit of a genius myself. W: Very good! Many science fiction movies have explored the idea of bad computers who want to harm us. One example is “2001: A Space Odyssey.“ M: Yes, a good film. And another is “The Terminator“, a movie in which actor Arnold Schwarzenegger played a robot from the future. The robot looks exactly like a human. Have you watched that one? W: Yes, I have. And the robot is not very friendly. M: No, it’s not. In many movies and books about robots, the robots end up rebelling against their creators. W: If Stephen Hawking is worried, I think I might be too. How can we be sure that Artificial Intelligence understands what is right and what is wrong? M: You are right. This is the end of Conversation One. Questions 1 to 5 are based On Conversation One. 1. Which statement is true about Stephen Hawking? 2. What does synthetic mean? 3. What is the name of the supercomputer which has defeated a chess champion? 4. Which role did Schwarzenegger play in “The Terminator“? 5. What does Professor Hawking think of the intelligent thinking machines? He’s a famous scientist. He can speak to a computer. He is a very clear robot. He has created many robots.

M: How much does extra reading time help? And what are other states doing to improve reading proficiency? For more about this, we’re joined from Washington by Parte Barth. She is the director of The Center for Public Education. So, we always hear about this third grade threshold and it is really important to try to get a kid up to grade level by third grade, why? W: Well, a lot of research suggests that third grade reading is a threshold year. What some studies say is that the likelihood of a third grader who is not reading on the grade level has a likelihood of dropping out that is three or four times greater than a child who is reading on grade level. So there is a lot of stake. M: So in addition to the extra hours of the reading time, what are some other states doing? What are some different techniques to try to get kids up to speed? W: Well, the importance of the third grade reading is so high that we have over 30 states that have some kind of policy to make sure children get the support they need to be on grade level. Some states require summer school. Some require after-hours instructions, whether after school or on Saturdays, for students who have difficulties. Some have at-home reading programs that they work with parents with. M: So, increasing the time spent in reading during the day. Does that work? W: Well, I will give it a qualified yes. It works but it does depend on how that time is used. So if you just merely increase the time during the day and do nothing else, it doesn’t work. I always like to caution people about, when you are talking about adding time to the school day of young children, little kids get tired. So you need to make sure that they are also getting some break during the day, that they have snacks and that they’re engaged. When all those pieces are in place, we have seen that it does make a difference. M: And what about the sort of cost investment? Obviously, it costs more money to... and would that money, say, be better spent hiring more teachers or used differently? W: You’re right to point out that it is very costly. Because it does require extra staffing: it requires more time that buildings are open, transportation cost and so forth. So adding time can be one of the most expensive investments that a state or a district makes in their public schools. We don’t have a single system — we have 50 state systems. Within that, we have 14,000 school districts. And so all of them and each of them can take different approaches to this, and they do. When they do that, as researchers, we can learn what is working the best. We can share that information and learn from each other. M: Alright. Parte. Thanks so much for joining us. W: Thank you. This is the end of Conversation Two. Questions 6 to 10 are based on Conversation Two. 6. Who is Patte Barth? 7. Why is it important for kids to get to grade level by third grade? 8. What have some states done to improve reading? 9. Does it work to increase the time spent in reading? 10. How many school districts are there in the United States? An education TV program host. A leader in an education center. A headmaster in a primary school. A teacher in a primary school.

“Where is the book I bought?“ The definite article “the“ is used in the sentence for______. generic reference definite specific reference indefinite specific reference unique reference

“The audience is requested to remain seated during the intermission.“ The singular verb form “is“ is used in the sentence to emphasize______. the non-personal collectivity of the group the personal collectivity of the group the non-personal individuality within the group the personal individuality within the group

Among the four sentences below, it is in Sentence______that the reflexive pronoun “herself“ is used for the purpose of emphasis. She was beside herself with rage. She felt within herself the stirring limbs of the unborn child. Mary told John that she would look after herself. She has never herself “been there.

He would always ignore the fact of______such a contradiction in his inner thought. there to be there being it being there having been

If you have been generous to a person for a period of time, it is most likely that the person will take advantage of your generosity and trade on your “weakness“______become appreciative of your kindness. but not let alone rather than instead of

All those______to see the exhibition, get off the bus at the next stop. don’t go aren’t going not going who not go

I don’t know when he______, but when he______I’ll speak to him. will come.. .comes comes.. .comes comes.. .will come will come.. .will come

Recently many schools have faced what could be called the crisis of comprehension or, in simple terms, the phenomenon of students with phonic and grammar skills still______unable to understand what they read. are to be being have been

Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks,______the experienced writer in the handling of his words. and so is as is the same is so is

Taking more vitamin than the body needs does not make it function better______over-fulfilling the oil lamp makes it lighten better. no more than any more than not more than much more than

______the invention of the steam engine, most forms of transport were horse-drawn. In regard to Prior to In addition to In contrast with

The two most important______in making a brownie are flour and chocolate. elements components ingredients constituents

Since very young, we were told by our parents to______ from spitting on the sidewalk. refrain prevent resist restrain

With signing of the treaty, China is going to receive many benefits as the most-______nation. favorite favorable favored favoring

I have no doubt that if the students’ interest in the subject is aroused, they will face up to the challenge and______more of their time and energy to their studies. commit donate grant render

Betty broke the school rules and regulations repeatedly so the principal finally had no alternative but to ______her. exile detain expel eject