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Newspaper Decline Not Due to the Rise of the Internet
Some people assume that newsprint newspapers are dying at the hands of the internet. But a US 【L1】______professor will have none of it.
According to a study by Chicago university’s Matthew Gentzkow, “Trading dollars for dollars: the price of attention 【L2】______“, the assumption is based on three false 【L3】______.
Fallacy one: Online advertising revenues are 【L4】______ than print revenues, so 【L5】______ must adopt a less 【L6】______ business model that cannot support paying 【L7】______.
“This perception that online ads are cheaper to buy is all about people 【L8】______things in units that are not 【L9】______each other—doing apples-to-oranges comparisons,“ Gentzkow writes.
Online ad rates are 【L10】______ discussed in terms of the “number of unique monthly visitors“ the ad receives, while 【L11】______determine newspaper rates.
Several different studies already have shown that people spend more time with newspapers and magazine than the 【L12】______monthly visitor online, which makes looking at these rates as analogous 【L13】______.
By comparing 【L14】______people actually see an ad, Gentzkow finds that the price of attention for 【L15】______consumers is 【L16】______online.
Fallacy two: The web has made the advertising market more 【L17】______, which has driven down rates and, in turn, revenues. That, says Gentzkow, just isn’t so.
Fallacy three: The net is 【L18】______the demise of the newspaper industry. No, writes Gentzkow, the popularity of papers had already significantly diminished between 1980 and 1995, well before 【L19】______.
And, he finds, sales of papers have 【L20】______at roughly the same rate ever since. He concludes: “People have not stopped reading newspapers because of the internet. “Newspaper Decline Not Due to the Rise of the Internet
Some people assume that newsprint newspapers are dying at the hands of the internet. But a US economics professor will have none of it.
According to a study by Chicago university’s Matthew Gentzkow, “Trading dollars for dollars: the price of attention online and offline“ , the assumption is based on three false premises.
Fallacy one: Online advertising revenues are naturally lower than print revenues, so traditional media must adopt a less profitable business model that cannot support paying real reporters.
“ This perception that online ads are cheaper to buy is all about people quoting things in units that are not comparable to each other—doing apples-to-oranges comparisons,“ Gentzkow writes.
Online ad rates are typically discussed in terms of the “number of unique monthly visitors“ the ad receives, while circulation numbers determine newspaper rates.
Several different studies already have shown that people spend more time with newspapers and magazine than the average monthly visitor online, which makes looking at these rates as analogous incorrect.
By comparing the amount of time people actually see an ad, Gentzkow finds that the price of attention for similar consumers is actually higher online.
Fallacy two: The web has made the advertising market more competitive, which has driven down rates and, in turn, revenues. That, says Gentzkow, just isn’t so.
Fallacy three: The net is responsible for the demise of the newspaper industry. No, writes Gentzkow, the popularity of papers had already significantly diminished between 1980 and 1995, well before the internet age.
And, he finds, sales of papers have dropped at roughly the same rate ever since. He concludes: “People have not stopped reading newspapers because of the internet. “
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Reporters Without Borders
Reporters Without Borders (RWB)was founded in 1985 in France. At first, the 【L1】______worked to promote alternative journalism, but there were 【L2】______between the founders. Finally, only Robert Menard stayed and he changed the organization’s 【L3】______ towards promoting freedom of the press. It 【L4】______ from the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, according to which everyone has “the right to freedom of 【L5】______“ and also the right to “ seek, receive and impart“ information and ideas “【L6】______.“
RWB’s primary means of direct action are 【L7】______ government authorities through letters or petitions, as well as frequent press releases. Through its world-wide network of roughly 【L8】______ correspondents, RWB gathers information and conducts investigations of press freedom violations by region or topic. 【L9】______, it will send a team of its own to assess working conditions for journalists in a specific country. It releases 【L10】______on countries as well as the Press Freedom Index. It has launched advertising campaigns to raise public 【L11】______of threats to freedom of information and freedom of the press, to undermine the 【L12】______of countries that it considers enemies of freedom of expression, and to discourage 【L13】______by the international community for governments that 【L14】______freedom of information.
RWB also provides 【L15】______for journalists and media who are either in danger or are having difficulty subsisting. They provide money to assist 【L16】______journalists and their families and the unsupported families of journalists who have been killed; to enable journalists to leave their home countries if they are in danger there; to 【L17】______the effects of vandalism on media outlets; to cover the 【L18】______of journalists who have been prosecuted for their writings or the 【L19】______ bills of those who have been 【L20】______; and upon occasion, to provide bullet-proof vests for use by journalists.Reporters Without Borders
Reporters Without Borders (RWB)was founded in 1985 in France. At first, the association worked to promote alternative journalism, but there were disagreements between the founders. Finally, only Robert Menard stayed and he changed the organization’s direction towards promoting freedom of the press. It draws inspiration from the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, according to which everyone has “the right to freedom of opinion and expression“ and also the right to “seek, receive and impart“ information and ideas “regardless of frontiers. “
RWB’s primary means of direct action are appeals to government authorities through letters or petitions, as well as frequent press releases. Through its world-wide network of roughly 150 correspondents, RWB gathers information and conducts investigations of press freedom violations by region or topic. If necessary, it will send a team of its own to assess working conditions for journalists in a specific country. It releases annual reports on countries as well as the Press Freedom Index. It has launched advertising campaigns to raise public awareness of threats to freedom of information and freedom of the press, to undermine the image of countries that it considers enemies of freedom of expression, and to discourage political support by the international community for governments that attack rather than protect freedom of information.
RWB also provides assistance for journalists and media who are either in danger or are having difficulty subsisting. They provide money to assist exiled or imprisoned journalists and their families and the unsupported families of journalists who have been killed; to enable journalists to leave their home countries if they are in danger there; to repair the effects of vandalism on media outlets; to cover the legal fees of journalists who have been prosecuted for their writings or the medical bills of those who have been physically attacked; and upon occasion, to provide bulletproof vests for use by journalists.
