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The manager got angry because his secretary was ten minutes late. was in a bad mood lost his temper changed his mind have a passion
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His words activated my spirit. curbed dampened confused stimulated
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I had neither time nor inclination to hear about the afflicted cow. energy patience dullness interest
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Success often depends on temperament. education aristocracy disposition experience
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The number of the United States citizens who are eligible to vote continues to increase. encouraged enforced expected entitled
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We all think that the new device he has proposed is ingenious. effective clever implausible original
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The famous athlete expressed his regret at the failure of the running race. disapproval sorry shame disagree
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We should give our guests some art crafts authentically Chinese so that they could better understand Chinese culture. genuinely elegantly intentionally thoroughly
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This poem depicts the beautiful scenery of a town in the South. praises writes imitates describes
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Her sister urged her to apply for the job advised caused forced promised
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We had to turn to dried milk as fresh milk wasn’t available. add up to face up to fall back on carry on with
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The most crucial issue at present is how to solve the problem of food safety. necessary important demanding urgent
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Although Peter is only 25 years old,he earns a large income. respectful respectable respective respected
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Last week, I called on my teacher. telephoned rang visited saw
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Can you find out the flaw in their research papers? argument failure feature defect
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The First Settlement in North America
It is very difficult to say that when colonization began.The first hundred years after Christopher Columbus’s journey of discovery in 1492 did not produce any settlement on the North American continent but rather some Spanish trading posts further south, a great interest in gold and adventure, and some colorful crimes in which the English had their part.John Cabot, originally from Genoa but a citizen of Venice, was established as a trader in Bristol, England, when he made a journey in 1497.But his ship, the Matthew, with its crew of eighteen, did no more than see an island (probably off the New England coast) and return home.He and his son made further voyages across the north Atlantic, which enabled the English Crown to claim a “legal“ title to North America.But for a long time afterwards the Europeans’ interest in America was mainly confined to the Spanish activities further south.
The first beginning of permanent settlement in North America was nearly a hundred years after Columbus’s first voyage.The Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh claimed the whole of North America for England, calling it Virginia.In 1585 he sent a small group of people who landed in Roanoke Island, but they stayed only for a year and then went back to England with another expedition, led by Drake, in 1587.A second group who landed in 1587 had all disappeared when a further expedition arrived in 1590.
The first permanent settlement in North America was in 1607.English capitalists founded two Virginia companies, a southern one based in London and a northern one based in Bristol.It was decided to give the name New England to the northern area.The first settlers in Virginia were little more than wage slaves to the company.All were men and the experiment was not very successful.Many died.Those who survived lived in miserable conditions.By 1619 the colony had only a thousand people.
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Keeping Cut Flowers (鲜切花)
1.While everybody enjoys fresh cut flowers around his/her house, few people know how to keep them for as long as possible.This may be done by keeping in mind a few simple facts.
2.An important thing to remember about cut flowers is that they are sensitive to temperature.For example, studies have shown that cut carnations (康乃馨) retain their freshness eight times longer when kept at 12°C! than when kept at 26°C.Keeping freshly harvested flowers at the right temperatures is probably the most important aspect of flower care.
3.Flowers are not intended by nature to live very long.Their biological purpose is simply to attract birds or insects, such as bees, for pollination (授粉) .After that, they quickly dry up and die.The process by which flowers consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide (二氧化碳), called respiration (呼吸) , generates the energy the flower needs to give the flower its shape and color.The making of seeds also depends on this energy.While all living things respire, flowers have a high level of respiration.A result of all this respiration is heat, and for flowers the level of heat relative to the mass of the flower is very high.Respiration also brings about the eventual death of the flower.Thus the greater the level of respiration, the sooner the flower dies.
4.How, then, to control the rate at which flowers die? By controlling respiration.How is respiration controlled?By controlling temperature.We know that respiration produces heat, but the re-verse(相反的过程)is also true.Thus by maintaining low temperatures, respiration is reduced and the cut flower will age more slowly.
5.Another vital factor in keeping cut flowers is the quality of the water in which they are placed.Flowers find it difficult to “drink“ water that is dirty or otherwise polluted.Even when water looks and smells clean, it almost certainly contains harmful substances that can endanger the flowers.To rid the water of these unwanted substances, household chlorine bleach (漂白剂) can be used in small quantities.It is recommended that 15 drops of chlorine bleach (at 4% solution) be added to each litre of water.The water and solution should also be replaced each day.
A.Control of Respiration
B.Beauty of Fresh Cut Flowers
C.Role of Respiration
D.Most Important Aspect of Flower Care
E.Need for Clean Water
F.Ways of Stopping Respiration
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A.by keeping its original shape and color
B.in the life of cut flowers
C.to produce carbon dioxide
D.for as long as possible
E.by controlling temperature
F.to replace the water and solution every day
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On Sleep
Baekeland and Hartmann report that the “short sleepers“ had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens.But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities.These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines.
In general, these “ short sleepers“ appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, conformist (不动摇) in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices.They often held several jobs at once, or workers full or part-time while going to school.And many of them had a strong urge to appear “normal“ or “acceptable“ to their friends and associates.
When asked to recall their dreams, the “short sleepers“ did poorly.More than this, they seemed to prefer not remembering.In similar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away.
The sleep patterns of the “short sleepers“ were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many mental patients categorized as manic (疯人) .
The “long sleepers“ were quite different indeed.Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps since childhood.They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally deprived of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the “short sleepers.“
Many of the “long sleepers“ were shy, anxious, introverted (内向) , inhibited (压抑) , passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves (particularly in social situations).Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems.
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Good Table Manners
Manners play an important part in making a favorable impression at the dinner table.Here are some general rules;
Napkin (餐巾)use
The meal begins when the host unfolds his or her napkin.This is your signal to do the same, so place your napkin on your lap.Unfold it completely if it is a small napkin,or in half,lengthwise (纵向的) , if it is a large dinner napkin.
If you need to leave the table during the meal, place your napkin on your chair as a signal to your server that you will be returning.Once the meal is over,place your napkin neatly on the table to the right of your dinner plate.Do not refold it.
Use a napkin only for your mouth.Never use it for your nose,face or forehead.
Use of utensils (餐具)
Start with the knife, fork or spoon furthest from your plate, and work your way in, using one utensil for each course.
If soup is served, remember to spoon away from yourself.This helps stop the drips.Do not put the entire soup spoon in your mouth.Instead,fill a soup spoon about 75 per cent with soup,and sip(啜饮)it from the side noiselessly.
After finishing dinner,place the knife and fork parallel to one another across the plate with the knife blade facing inward toward the plate.
Using your fingers
Here’s a list of finger foods: sandwiches, cookies, small fruits or berries with stems, French fries and potato chips,and hamburgers.
Chew(咀嚼) with your mouth closed and don’t make noise;don’t talk with your mouth full.
Bread must be broken with your hands.It is never cut with a knife.
Don’t pick something out of your teeth.Instead, excuse yourself to the bathroom.
If possible,try not to cough at the table.
Do not put your elbows(肘)on the table.In France,it is essential to have both hands above the table at the same time.
Do not put bones or anything else on the table.Things that are not eaten should be put on your plate.
